Proceedings Article•
Image Processing
01 Jan 1994-
TL;DR: The main focus in MUCKE is on cleaning large scale Web image corpora and on proposing image representations which are closer to the human interpretation of images.
Abstract: MUCKE aims to mine a large volume of images, to structure them conceptually and to use this conceptual structuring in order to improve large-scale image retrieval. The last decade witnessed important progress concerning low-level image representations. However, there are a number problems which need to be solved in order to unleash the full potential of image mining in applications. The central problem with low-level representations is the mismatch between them and the human interpretation of image content. This problem can be instantiated, for instance, by the incapability of existing descriptors to capture spatial relationships between the concepts represented or by their incapability to convey an explanation of why two images are similar in a content-based image retrieval framework. We start by assessing existing local descriptors for image classification and by proposing to use co-occurrence matrices to better capture spatial relationships in images. The main focus in MUCKE is on cleaning large scale Web image corpora and on proposing image representations which are closer to the human interpretation of images. Consequently, we introduce methods which tackle these two problems and compare results to state of the art methods. Note: some aspects of this deliverable are withheld at this time as they are pending review. Please contact the authors for a preview.
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Book•
03 Oct 1988TL;DR: This chapter discusses two Dimensional Systems and Mathematical Preliminaries and their applications in Image Analysis and Computer Vision, as well as image reconstruction from Projections and image enhancement.
Abstract: Introduction. 1. Two Dimensional Systems and Mathematical Preliminaries. 2. Image Perception. 3. Image Sampling and Quantization. 4. Image Transforms. 5. Image Representation by Stochastic Models. 6. Image Enhancement. 7. Image Filtering and Restoration. 8. Image Analysis and Computer Vision. 9. Image Reconstruction From Projections. 10. Image Data Compression.
8,504 citations
TL;DR: The image coding results, calculated from actual file sizes and images reconstructed by the decoding algorithm, are either comparable to or surpass previous results obtained through much more sophisticated and computationally complex methods.
Abstract: Embedded zerotree wavelet (EZW) coding, introduced by Shapiro (see IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol.41, no.12, p.3445, 1993), is a very effective and computationally simple technique for image compression. We offer an alternative explanation of the principles of its operation, so that the reasons for its excellent performance can be better understood. These principles are partial ordering by magnitude with a set partitioning sorting algorithm, ordered bit plane transmission, and exploitation of self-similarity across different scales of an image wavelet transform. Moreover, we present a new and different implementation based on set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT), which provides even better performance than our previously reported extension of EZW that surpassed the performance of the original EZW. The image coding results, calculated from actual file sizes and images reconstructed by the decoding algorithm, are either comparable to or surpass previous results obtained through much more sophisticated and computationally complex methods. In addition, the new coding and decoding procedures are extremely fast, and they can be made even faster, with only small loss in performance, by omitting entropy coding of the bit stream by the arithmetic code.
5,890 citations
TL;DR: Eight constructs decellularized hearts by coronary perfusion with detergents, preserved the underlying extracellular matrix, and produced an acellular, perfusable vascular architecture, competent a cellular valves and intact chamber geometry that could generate pump function in a modified working heart preparation.
Abstract: About 3,000 individuals in the United States are awaiting a donor heart; worldwide, 22 million individuals are living with heart failure. A bioartificial heart is a theoretical alternative to transplantation or mechanical left ventricular support. Generating a bioartificial heart requires engineering of cardiac architecture, appropriate cellular constituents and pump function. We decellularized hearts by coronary perfusion with detergents, preserved the underlying extracellular matrix, and produced an acellular, perfusable vascular architecture, competent acellular valves and intact chamber geometry. To mimic cardiac cell composition, we reseeded these constructs with cardiac or endothelial cells. To establish function, we maintained eight constructs for up to 28 d by coronary perfusion in a bioreactor that simulated cardiac physiology. By day 4, we observed macroscopic contractions. By day 8, under physiological load and electrical stimulation, constructs could generate pump function (equivalent to about 2% of adult or 25% of 16-week fetal heart function) in a modified working heart preparation.
2,454 citations
01 Sep 1997
TL;DR: This paper examines automated iris recognition as a biometrically based technology for personal identification and verification from the observation that the human iris provides a particularly interesting structure on which to base a technology for noninvasive biometric assessment.
Abstract: This paper examines automated iris recognition as a biometrically based technology for personal identification and verification. The motivation for this endeavor stems from the observation that the human iris provides a particularly interesting structure on which to base a technology for noninvasive biometric assessment. In particular the biomedical literature suggests that irises are as distinct as fingerprints or patterns of retinal blood vessels. Further, since the iris is an overt body, its appearance is amenable to remote examination with the aid of a machine vision system. The body of this paper details issues in the design and operation of such systems. For the sake of illustration, extant systems are described in some amount of detail.
2,046 citations
Cites methods from "Image Processing"
...system makes us of an isotropic bandpass decomposition derived from application of Laplacian of Gaussian filters [25], [29] to the image data....
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...In practice, the filtered image is realized as a Laplacian pyramid [8], [29]....
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TL;DR: This paper identifies some promising techniques for image retrieval according to standard principles and examines implementation procedures for each technique and discusses its advantages and disadvantages.
1,910 citations
Cites background or methods from "Image Processing"
...Structural description of chromosome shape (reprinted from [14])....
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...Common invariants include (i) geometric invariants such as cross-ratio, length ratio, distance ratio, angle, area [69], triangle [70], invariants from coplanar points [14]; (ii) algebraic invariants such as determinant, eigenvalues [71], trace [14]; (iii) di<erential invariants such as curvature, torsion and Gaussian curvature....
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...Designers of shape invariants argue that although most of other shape representation techniques are invariant under similarity transformations (rotation, translation and scaling), they depend on viewpoint [14]....
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...The extracting of the convex hull can use both boundary tracing method [14] and morphological methods [11,15]....
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...Assuming the shape boundary has been represented as a shape signature z(i), the rth moment mr and central moment r can be estimated as [14]...
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References
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15 Mar 1999
TL;DR: The multilayer perceptron (MLP) interpolation schemes based on the wavelet transform and subband filtering are proposed and the results show that the improvement is remarkable.
Abstract: We present nonlinear interpolation schemes for image resolution enhancement. The multilayer perceptron (MLP) interpolation schemes based on the wavelet transform and subband filtering are proposed. Because estimating each subimage signal is more effective than estimating the whole image signal, pixels in the low-resolution image are used as the input signal of the MLP to estimate all of the wavelet subimage of the corresponding high-resolution image. The image of increased resolution is finally produced by the synthesis procedure of the wavelet transform. As compared with other popular methods, the results show that the improvement is remarkable.
15 citations
TL;DR: The findings based on salmonids suggest that no short cuts currently exist when estimating population size and researchers should focus on quantifying the variable of interest or be aware of caveats when inferring the desired variable because of cost or logistics.
Abstract: Technological and methodological advances have facilitated the use of genetic data to infer census population size (Nc) in natural populations, particularly where traditional mark-and-recapture is challenging The effective number of breeders (Nb) describes how many adults effectively contribute to a cohort and is often correlated with Nc Predicting Nc from Nb or vice-versa in species with overlapping generations has important implications for conservation by permitting (i) estimation of the more difficult to quantify variable and (ii) inferences of Nb/Nc relationships in related species lacking data We quantitatively synthesized Nb/Nc relationships in three salmonid fishes where sufficient data has recently accumulated Mixed-effects models were analyzed in which each variable was included as a dependent variable or predictor term (Nb from Nc and vice versa) Species-dependent Nb/Nc slope estimates were significantly positive in two of three species; variation in species slopes were likely due to varying life histories and reinforce caution when inferring Nb/Nc from taxonomically-related species Models provided maximum probable estimates for Nb and Nc for two species However, study, population, and year effects explained substantial amounts of variation (39-57%) Consequently, prediction intervals were wide and included or were close to zero for all population sizes and species; model predictive utility was limited Cost-benefit trade-offs when estimating Nb and/or Nc were also discussed using a real-world system example Our findings based on salmonids suggest that no short-cuts currently exist when estimating population size; researchers should focus on quantifying the variable of interest or be aware of caveats when inferring the desired variable because of cost or logistics We caution that the salmonid species examined share life-history traits that may obscure relationships between Nb and Nc Sufficient data on other taxa were unavailable; additional research examining Nb/Nc relationships in species with potentially relevant life-history trait differences (eg differing survival curves) are needed
This article is protected by copyright All rights reserved
15 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that the budding yeast, S. cerevisiae, can be used for the biosynthesis of lipids and demonstrate the strength of CARS microscopy for monitoring the dynamics of lipid metabolism at the single‐cell level of importance for optimized lipid production.
Abstract: There is increasing interest in bioengineering of lipids for use in functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and biofuels. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a widely utilized cell factory for biotechnological production, thus a tempting alternative. Herein, we show how its neutral lipid accumulation varies throughout metabolic phases under nutritional conditions relevant for large-scale fermentation. Population-averaged metabolic data were correlated with lipid storage at the single-cell level monitored at submicron resolution by label-free coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. While lipid droplet sizes are fairly constant, the number of droplets is a dynamic parameter determined by glucose and ethanol levels. The lowest number of lipid droplets is observed in the transition phase between glucose and ethanol fermentation. It is followed by a buildup during the ethanol phase. The surplus of accumulated lipids is then mobilized at concurrent glucose and ethanol starvation in the subsequent stationary phase. Thus, the highest amount of lipids is found in the ethanol phase, which is about 0.3 fL/cell. Our results indicate that the budding yeast, S. cerevisiae, can be used for the biosynthesis of lipids and demonstrate the strength of CARS microscopy for monitoring the dynamics of lipid metabolism at the single-cell level of importance for optimized lipid production.
15 citations
07 May 2001
TL;DR: This work proposes a foveation scalable video coding (FSVC) algorithm, which supplies good quality-compression performance as well as effective rate scalability to support simple and precise bit rate control.
Abstract: Recently, there have been two interesting trends in image and video coding research. One is to use human visual system (HVS) models to improve the current state-of-the-art coding algorithms by better exploiting the properties of the intended receiver. The other is to design rate-scalable video codecs, which allow the extraction of coded visual information at continuously varying bit rates from a single compressed bitstream. We follow these two trends and propose a foveation scalable video coding (FSVC) algorithm, which supplies good quality-compression performance as well as effective rate scalability to support simple and precise bit rate control. A foveation-based HVS model plays a key role in the algorithm. The algorithm is amenable to the inclusion of various HVS models and adaptable to different video communication applications.
15 citations
TL;DR: A new paradigm for the construction of reversible transforms that map integers to integers is introduced, wherein certain Pythagorean triples can be scalar quantized to produce a reversible, normalized, scalefree transform matrix.
Abstract: This paper introduces a new paradigm for the construction of reversible transforms that map integers to integers. Transform matrices with integer entries are first considered, and the modular arithmetic properties of transform coefficients are studied. It is shown that these transform coefficients are redundant in modular arithmetic. Further, this redundancy can be exploited by quantizing transform coefficients critically so as to produce an effective scaled transformation with unit determinant. This forms the basis of a class of transforms referred to as modulo transforms that are reversible and unit determinant, conditions necessary for applications such as lossless compression and reversible image rotation. The theory of modulo transforms is examined in depth. Analysis based on modular arithmetic shows that two-dimensional rotations can be critically quantized, albeit with nonequal bin widths along axes. A construction procedure is derived for realizing a reversible transform with small or unit scaling factors, and a theorem is stated wherein certain Pythagorean triples can be scalar quantized to produce a reversible, normalized, scalefree transform matrix. Modulo transforms and lifting are compared and contrasted in theory, and in experiments. The computational aspects of modulo transforms are also discussed in this paper.
15 citations