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Journal ArticleDOI

Imaging Cognition II: An Empirical Review of 275 PET and fMRI Studies

01 Jan 2000-Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (MIT Press)-Vol. 12, Iss: 1, pp 1-47
TL;DR: Analysis of regional activations across cognitive domains suggested that several brain regions, including the cerebellum, are engaged by a variety of cognitive challenges.
Abstract: Positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have been extensively used to explore the functional neuroanatomy of cognitive functions. Here we review 275 PET and fMRI studies of attention (sustained, selective, Stroop, orientation, divided), perception (object, face, space/motion, smell), imagery (object, space/ motion), language (written/spoken word recognition, spoken/ no spoken response), working memory (verbal/numeric, object, spatial, problem solving), semantic memory retrieval (categorization, generation), episodic memory encoding (verbal, object, spatial), episodic memory retrieval (verbal, nonverbal, success, effort, mode, context), priming (perceptual, conceptual), and procedural memory (conditioning, motor, and nonmotor skill learning). To identify consistent activation patterns associated with these cognitive operations, data from 412 contrasts were summarized at the level of cortical Brodmann's areas, insula, thalamus, medial-temporal lobe (including hippocampus), basal ganglia, and cerebellum. For perception and imagery, activation patterns included primary and secondary regions in the dorsal and ventral pathways. For attention and working memory, activations were usually found in prefrontal and parietal regions. For language and semantic memory retrieval, typical regions included left prefrontal and temporal regions. For episodic memory encoding, consistently activated regions included left prefrontal and medial-temporal regions. For episodic memory retrieval, activation patterns included prefrontal, medial-temporal, and posterior midline regions. For priming, deactivations in prefrontal (conceptual) or extrastriate (perceptual) regions were consistently seen. For procedural memory, activations were found in motor as well as in non-motor brain areas. Analysis of regional activations across cognitive domains suggested that several brain regions, including the cerebellum, are engaged by a variety of cognitive challenges. These observations are discussed in relation to functional specialization as well as functional integration.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that both task-driven neuronal responses and behavior are reflections of this dynamic, ongoing, functional organization of the brain, featuring the presence of anticorrelated networks in the absence of overt task performance.
Abstract: During performance of attention-demanding cognitive tasks, certain regions of the brain routinely increase activity, whereas others routinely decrease activity. In this study, we investigate the extent to which this task-related dichotomy is represented intrinsically in the resting human brain through examination of spontaneous fluctuations in the functional MRI blood oxygen level-dependent signal. We identify two diametrically opposed, widely distributed brain networks on the basis of both spontaneous correlations within each network and anticorrelations between networks. One network consists of regions routinely exhibiting task-related activations and the other of regions routinely exhibiting task-related deactivations. This intrinsic organization, featuring the presence of anticorrelated networks in the absence of overt task performance, provides a critical context in which to understand brain function. We suggest that both task-driven neuronal responses and behavior are reflections of this dynamic, ongoing, functional organization of the brain.

7,741 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Episodic memory is a neurocognitive (brain/mind) system, uniquely different from other memory systems, that enables human beings to remember past experiences as discussed by the authors, which is a true, even if as yet generally unappreciated, marvel of nature.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract Episodic memory is a neurocognitive (brain/mind) system, uniquely different from other memory systems, that enables human beings to remember past experiences. The notion of episodic memory was first proposed some 30 years ago. At that time it was defined in terms of materials and tasks. It was subsequently refined and elaborated in terms of ideas such as self, subjective time, and autonoetic consciousness. This chapter provides a brief history of the concept of episodic memory, describes how it has changed (indeed greatly changed) since its inception, considers criticisms of it, and then discusses supporting evidence provided by (a) neuropsychological studies of patterns of memory impairment caused by brain damage, and (b) functional neuroimaging studies of patterns of brain activity of normal subjects engaged in various memory tasks. I also suggest that episodic memory is a true, even if as yet generally unappreciated, marvel of nature.

3,618 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For instance, the authors found that recall is more sensitive than familiarity to response speeding, division of attention, generation, semantic encoding, the effects of aging, and the amnestic effects of benzodiazepines, while familiarity is less sensitive to shifts in response criterion, fluency manipulations, forgetting over short retention intervals, and some perceptual manipulations.

3,434 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A critical comparison of findings across individual studies is provided and suggests that separate brain regions are involved in different aspects of emotion.

3,349 citations


Cites background from "Imaging Cognition II: An Empirical ..."

  • ...Moreover, the ACC is consistently activated in semantic and episodic memory retrieval tasks (Cabeza and Nyberg, 2000)....

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  • ...Interestingly, previous meta-analyses of cognition revealed that the rostral-ventral and orbital regions of the MPFC are largely insensitive to cognitive tasks (Duncan and Owen, 2000; Cabeza and Nyberg, 2000)....

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  • ...Specific activations could be further isolated through “conjunction” and “network” analyses or event-related designs (Cabeza and Nyberg, 2000)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed 120 functional neuroimaging studies focusing on semantic processing and identified reliable areas of activation in these studies using the activation likelihood estimate (ALE) technique, which formed a distinct, left-lateralized network comprised of 7 regions: posterior inferior parietal lobe, middle temporal gyrus, fusiform and parahippocampal gyri, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus and posterior cingulate gyrus.
Abstract: Semantic memory refers to knowledge about people, objects, actions, relations, self, and culture acquired through experience. The neural systems that store and retrieve this information have been studied for many years, but a consensus regarding their identity has not been reached. Using strict inclusion criteria, we analyzed 120 functional neuroimaging studies focusing on semantic processing. Reliable areas of activation in these studies were identified using the activation likelihood estimate (ALE) technique. These activations formed a distinct, left-lateralized network comprised of 7 regions: posterior inferior parietal lobe, middle temporal gyrus, fusiform and parahippocampal gyri, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and posterior cingulate gyrus. Secondary analyses showed specific subregions of this network associated with knowledge of actions, manipulable artifacts, abstract concepts, and concrete concepts. The cortical regions involved in semantic processing can be grouped into 3 broad categories: posterior multimodal and heteromodal association cortex, heteromodal prefrontal cortex, and medial limbic regions. The expansion of these regions in the human relative to the nonhuman primate brain may explain uniquely human capacities to use language productively, plan, solve problems, and create cultural and technological artifacts, all of which depend on the fluid and efficient retrieval and manipulation of semantic knowledge.

3,283 citations

References
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Book
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: The amnesic syndrome is presented as an extension of the theory to humans and the role of operators in the locale system is examined.
Abstract: Table of Contents: Chapter 1 - Remembrance of places past: a history of theories of space / Chapter 2 - Spatial behaviour / Chapter 3 - Anatomy / Chapter 4 - Physiology / Chapter 5 - Introduction to the lesion review / Chapter 6 - Exploration / Chapter 7 - Discrimination and maze learning / Chapter 8 - Aversively motivated behaviour / Chapter 9 - Operants: the limited role of the locale system / Chapter 10 - Reactions to reward change / Chapter 11 - Maintenance behaviours / Chapter 12 - Stimulation studies / Chapter 13 - Long-term memory / Chapter 14 - An extension of the theory to humans / Chapter 15 - The amnesic syndrome

8,313 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper reviewed the evidence for multistore theories of memory and pointed out some difficulties with the approach and proposed an alternative framework for human memory research in terms of depth or levels of processing.

8,195 citations


"Imaging Cognition II: An Empirical ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...First , semantic processing of information ( semantic retrieval ) usually leads to successful storage of new information ( episodic encoding ; for example , Craik & Lockhart , 1972 ) ....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Illustration de trois fonctions principales qui sont predominantes dans l'etude de l'intervention de l'sattention dans les processus cognitifs: 1) orientation vers des evenements sensoriels; 2) detection des signaux par processus focal; 3) maintenir la vigilance en etat d'alerte
Abstract: : The concept of attention as central to human performance extends back to the start of experimental psychology, yet even a few years ago, it would not have been possible to outline in even a preliminary form a functional anatomy of the human attentional system. New developments in neuroscience have opened the study of higher cognition to physiological analysis, and have revealed a system of anatomical areas that appear to be basic to the selection of information for focal (conscious) processing. The importance of attention is its unique role in connecting the mental level of description of processes used in cognitive science with the anatomical level common in neuroscience. Sperry describes the central role that mental concepts play in understanding brain function. As is the case for sensory and motor systems of the brain, our knowledge of the anatomy of attention is incomplete. Nevertheless, we can now begin to identify some principles of organization that allow attention to function as a unified system for the control of mental processing. Although many of our points are still speculative and controversial, we believe they constitute a basis for more detailed studies of attention from a cognitive-neuroscience viewpoint. Perhaps even more important for furthering future studies, multiple methods of mental chronometry, brain lesions, electrophysiology, and several types of neuro-imaging have converged on common findings.

7,237 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data allow us to reject alternative accounts of the function of the fusiform face area (area “FF”) that appeal to visual attention, subordinate-level classification, or general processing of any animate or human forms, demonstrating that this region is selectively involved in the perception of faces.
Abstract: Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we found an area in the fusiform gyrus in 12 of the 15 subjects tested that was significantly more active when the subjects viewed faces than when they viewed assorted common objects. This face activation was used to define a specific region of interest individually for each subject, within which several new tests of face specificity were run. In each of five subjects tested, the predefined candidate “face area” also responded significantly more strongly to passive viewing of (1) intact than scrambled two-tone faces, (2) full front-view face photos than front-view photos of houses, and (in a different set of five subjects) (3) three-quarter-view face photos (with hair concealed) than photos of human hands; it also responded more strongly during (4) a consecutive matching task performed on three-quarter-view faces versus hands. Our technique of running multiple tests applied to the same region defined functionally within individual subjects provides a solution to two common problems in functional imaging: (1) the requirement to correct for multiple statistical comparisons and (2) the inevitable ambiguity in the interpretation of any study in which only two or three conditions are compared. Our data allow us to reject alternative accounts of the function of the fusiform face area (area “FF”) that appeal to visual attention, subordinate-level classification, or general processing of any animate or human forms, demonstrating that this region is selectively involved in the perception of faces.

7,059 citations


"Imaging Cognition II: An Empirical ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Kanwisher et al. (1997b) found that viewing novel, as well as familiar, line drawings, relative to scrambled drawings, activated a bilateral extrastriate area near the border between the occipital and temporal lobes....

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  • ...Additional support for selective regional activation within the ventral pathway was provided by Kanwisher et al. (1997a)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results of these studies point to the importance of the hippocampal complex for normal memory function in patients who had undergone similar, but less radical, bilateral medial temporallobe resections, and as a warning to others of the risk to memory involved in bilateral surgical lesions of the hippocampusal region.
Abstract: In 1954 Scoville described a grave loss of recent memory which he had observed as a sequel to bilateral medial temporal-lobe resection in one psychotic patient and one patient with intractable seizures. In both cases the operations had been radical ones, undertaken only when more conservative forms of treatment had failed. The removals extended posteriorly along the mesial surface of the temporal lobes for a distance of approximately 8 cm. from the temporal tips and probably destroyed the anterior two-thirds of the hippocampus and hippocampal gyrus bilaterally, as well as the uncus and amygdala. The unexpected and persistent memory deficit which resulted seemed to us to merit further investigation. We have therefore carried out formal memory and intelligence testing of these two patients and also of eight other patients who had undergone similar, but less radical, bilateral medial temporallobe resections.* The present paper gives the results of these studies which point to the importance of the hippocampal complex for normal memory function. Whenever the hippocampus and hippocampal gyrus were damaged bilaterally in these operations some memory deficit was found, but not otherwise. We have chosen to report these findings in full, partly for their theoretical significance, and partly as a warning to others of the risk to memory involved in bilateral surgical lesions of the hippocampal region.

7,041 citations


"Imaging Cognition II: An Empirical ..." refers result in this paper

  • ...The involvement of medial - temporal regions in episodic memory is consistent with lesion data ( Scoville & Milner , 1957 ; for a review see Squire & Zola - Morgan , 1991 ) ....

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