Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China.
06 Mar 2020-International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Int J Environ Res Public Health)-Vol. 17, Iss: 5, pp 1729
TL;DR: The findings identify factors associated with a lower level of psychological impact and better mental health status that can be used to formulate psychological interventions to improve the mental health of vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 epidemic.
Abstract: Background: The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic is a public health emergency of international concern and poses a challenge to psychological resilience. Research data are needed to develop evidence-driven strategies to reduce adverse psychological impacts and psychiatric symptoms during the epidemic. The aim of this study was to survey the general public in China to better understand their levels of psychological impact, anxiety, depression, and stress during the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak. The data will be used for future reference. Methods: From 31 January to 2 February 2020, we conducted an online survey using snowball sampling techniques. The online survey collected information on demographic data, physical symptoms in the past 14 days, contact history with COVID-19, knowledge and concerns about COVID-19, precautionary measures against COVID-19, and additional information required with respect to COVID-19. Psychological impact was assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status was assessed by the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results: This study included 1210 respondents from 194 cities in China. In total, 53.8% of respondents rated the psychological impact of the outbreak as moderate or severe; 16.5% reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms; 28.8% reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms; and 8.1% reported moderate to severe stress levels. Most respondents spent 20–24 h per day at home (84.7%); were worried about their family members contracting COVID-19 (75.2%); and were satisfied with the amount of health information available (75.1%). Female gender, student status, specific physical symptoms (e.g., myalgia, dizziness, coryza), and poor self-rated health status were significantly associated with a greater psychological impact of the outbreak and higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Specific up-to-date and accurate health information (e.g., treatment, local outbreak situation) and particular precautionary measures (e.g., hand hygiene, wearing a mask) were associated with a lower psychological impact of the outbreak and lower levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Conclusions: During the initial phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, more than half of the respondents rated the psychological impact as moderate-to-severe, and about one-third reported moderate-to-severe anxiety. Our findings identify factors associated with a lower level of psychological impact and better mental health status that can be used to formulate psychological interventions to improve the mental health of vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 epidemic.
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TL;DR: COVID-19 has significantly impacted dentists’ mental health in Shaanxi Province and each dimension of PWS was correlated with depression, anxiety, and stress state, which indicates the individual’s physical and mental health state was associated with multiple factors.
Abstract: Objective To investigate dentists’ psychological status and influencing factors in Shaanxi Province during the COVID-19 epidemic and assess their perceived wellness. Methods The study was conducted among dentists from Shaanxi Province in China. The basic information was collected through the network questionnaire star platform. Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-42) and Perceived Wellness Survey (PWS) were used to assess subjects’ psychological status and perceived wellness. Univariate linear regression analysis and multivariate analysis were performed on the influencing factors of depression, anxiety, and stress, and t-test and analysis of variance were used to analyze the perceived wellness results. Results The results demonstrated that 33.2% of the surveyed dentists were in a state of depression, 37.1% were anxious, and 34.4% reported stress among 256 subjects. Linear Regression analysis results showed that: “years of working,” “the impact of COVID-19 on their life, work, and sleep,” “worrying about occupational exposure/virus infection,” “lacking the awareness of prevention and control measures,” “overtime work during the epidemic,” “worrying about participating in the supporting work,” and “continuous exhaustion from work” were significant contributors to depression, anxiety, and stress status. In addition, the results of PWS found that each dimension of PWS was correlated with depression, anxiety, and stress state, which indicates the individual’s physical and mental health state was associated with multiple factors. Conclusion COVID-19 has significantly impacted dentists’ mental health in Shaanxi Province. With these findings, we aim to educate and promote targeted interventions that can be utilized to improve dentists’ mental health by analyzing the influencing factors.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a cross-sectional online study was conducted, using self-constructed questionnaires to evaluate sexual behavior changes in marriage people of Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has been a global challenge since its first encounter. It has changed the daily lives of families including the sexual behavior of couples due to public health concerns and government policy to restrict people’s movement. It has changed both interpersonal and partner relationships; the time availability at home, the continued presence of children at home, the fear of infection, and the inability to physically interact with others have changed most people’s sexual behavior.
AIM: This study aims to evaluate sexual behavior changes in marriage people of Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic.
METHODS: A cross-sectional online study was conducted, using self-constructed questionnaires. The convenience sample was collected from married males and females for at least 10 months from November 2020 to January 2021. The participants were asked 19 and 20 questions for female and male, respectively, which was an adaptation of the previous questionnaires. Furthermore, a study was conducted to analyze descriptively the changes of sexuality among married people before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.
RESULTS: About 201 participants who completed the survey, 110 males (54.7%) and 91 females (45.3%) were included in the analyses. The mean age of participants was 37 years old. Most of the participants have middle to high socio-economy classes and have children at home. Shifting in the work schedule is the main reason to change sexual behaviors. Participants experienced significant changes in sexual behaviors and some sexual responses before and during the restriction time.
CONCLUSION: The pandemic has changed sexual behaviors due to social restrictions in Indonesia. These findings imply messages about the consequences of the pandemic on sexual behaviors that may affect the sexual relationship, marriage stability, and physical health itself to fight coronavirus.
2 citations
TL;DR: Pandemic-induced fatigue and stress as well as the permanent presence of others at home were reported as two main factors negatively affecting the frequency of sexual intercourse during the pandemic.
Abstract: The study aims to investigate whether assessment of sexual life remained stable during the COVID-19 pandemic. Two surveys were conducted among Polish adults aged 18–70 years in June 2020 (n = 2042; perspective of last 2–3 months) and in June 2021 (n = 2418; last 12 months). Data from 2017 (n = 1980) were used as a reference point. Four questions allowed for defining five sexual life assessment profiles (k-means cluster analysis). Their characteristics were presented using 12 variables and 16 factors that contributed to difficulties in sexual life. The 2020 survey showed a temporary increase in the importance of sexual life and the frequency of sexual intercourse. However, the percentage of respondents representing the most favorable profile decreased significantly over the consecutive survey periods (47.1%, 34.2%, and 32.3%, respectively). Pandemic-induced fatigue and stress as well as the permanent presence of others at home were reported as two main factors negatively affecting the frequency of sexual intercourse during the pandemic. Respondents who assessed their sexual life as poor were more likely to consider illness, depression, and low self-esteem as factors negatively impacting their sexual life in 2021 than a year earlier. The results confirmed that as the pandemic drew on, the assessment of sexual life changed compared to the time around the first lockdown.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors explored the role that mindfulness practice plays in millennials' PWB and subsequent increases in resilience to adversity and found that the two most significant variables promoting resilience are mindfulness and positive PWB.
Abstract: Background By using a practice like mindfulness, people may become more adaptable and flexible in difficult situations, which lowers the levels of unfavorable experiences. Only a small number of research have examined the connection between mindfulness and resilience, with mindfulness as a source of PWB influencing millennials’ resilience when faced with adversity. This study sought to close this gap by exploring the role that mindfulness practice plays in millennials’ PWB and subsequent increases in resilience to adversity. Methods In this study, key components linked to mindfulness, PWB, and resilience are combined with a thorough literature assessment. Millennials who are active members of the Ti-Ratana Youth in Malaysia and the Buddhist Missionary Society of Malaysia (BMSM) Youth Section make up the study’s sample population. Before completing the online survey form, each participant was instructed to engage in 4 weeks of supervised mindfulness practice. To assure the validity of the data gathered, it was crucial to secure the youth’s commitment. Only 231 of the 300 respondents who received the link to the online survey had replies that could be used for further research. To analyze the collected data and conduct hypothesis testing, Smart-PLS was used. Results Academic research has shown that factors, such as a heavy workload, time constraints, lengthy workdays, work-related home conflicts, and an unstable and uncertain environment all lead to a drop in PWB. According to the findings, the two most significant variables promoting resilience are mindfulness and positive PWB. The outcomes of this experimental study confirmed earlier findings that millennials’ PWB and resilience are enhanced by mindfulness training. Conclusion The study’s findings suggest that, in times of high uncertainty, mindfulness-based intervention programs should be expanded to include all young people. This study offers empirical support for the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in raising PWB and resilience.
2 citations
TL;DR: How the blood-brain barrier may be compromised by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, allowing inflammatory mediators and lymphocytes to infiltrate the central nervous system, may increase the risk of relapse in multiple sclerosis patients.
Abstract: Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. It is characterized by demyelinating lesions throughout the central nervous system. Patients suffering from multiple sclerosis constitute a vulnerable population to coronavirus disease-2019. This review focuses on the effects of coronavirus disease-2019 on relapse and symptom exacerbation in multiple sclerosis patients and their treatment. It highlights how the blood-brain barrier may be compromised by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, allowing inflammatory mediators and lymphocytes to infiltrate the central nervous system. This may increase the risk of relapse in multiple sclerosis patients. Also, in patients who did not have a prior history of multiple sclerosis, coronavirus disease-2019 has been found to impact multiple sclerosis onset and pathogenesis. However, more comprehensive research is required to fully understand the interplay between multiple sclerosis and coronavirus disease-2019.
2 citations
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TL;DR: The epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment and clinical outcomes of patients with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection in Wuhan, China, were reported.
36,578 citations
"Immediate Psychological Responses a..." refers background in this paper
...Human-to-human transmission has been observed via virus-laden respiratory droplets, as a growing number of patients reportedly did not have animal market exposure, and cases have also occurred in healthcare workers [6]....
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...most of the research related to this outbreak focuses on identifying the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of infected patients [6,12], the genomic characterization of the virus [22], and challenges for global health governance [23]....
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16,282 citations
"Immediate Psychological Responses a..." refers background in this paper
...For the anxiety subscale, 770 (63.6%) were considered to have a normal score (score: 0-6); 91 (7.5%) were considered to suffer from mild anxiety (score: 7-9); 247 (20.4%) were considered to suffer from moderate anxiety (score: [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] ; and 102 (8.4%) were considered to suffer from severe and extremely severe anxiety (score: ....
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...Older men with medical comorbidities are more likely to get infected, with worse outcomes [12] ....
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...The total stress subscale score was divided into normal (0-10), mild stress (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) , moderate stress (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) , severe stress (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34) , and extremely severe stress (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) (40) (41) (42) ....
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...Questions 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, and 18 formed the stress subscale....
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...The total anxiety subscale score was divided into normal (0-6), mild anxiety (7-9), moderate anxiety (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) , severe anxiety (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) , and extremely severe anxiety ....
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TL;DR: There is evidence that human-to-human transmission has occurred among close contacts since the middle of December 2019 and considerable efforts to reduce transmission will be required to control outbreaks if similar dynamics apply elsewhere.
Abstract: Background The initial cases of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)–infected pneumonia (NCIP) occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019 and January 2020. We analyzed data on the...
13,101 citations
"Immediate Psychological Responses a..." refers background in this paper
...The average incubation period is estimated to be 5.2 days, with significant variation among patients [9] , and it may be capable of asymptomatic spread [10, 11] ....
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...Questions 2, 4, 7, 9, 15, 19 , and 20 formed the anxiety subscale....
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TL;DR: The phylogenetic analysis suggests that bats might be the original host of this virus, an animal sold at the seafood market in Wuhan might represent an intermediate host facilitating the emergence of the virus in humans.
9,474 citations
"Immediate Psychological Responses a..." refers background in this paper
...Linear regression analysis showed that avoiding the sharing of utensils (e.g., chopsticks) during meals was significantly associated with lower scores in the IES-R [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] 1025 (84.7) Reference Reference Reference Reference * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001....
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...The total stress subscale score was divided into normal (0-10), mild stress (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) , moderate stress (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) , severe stress (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34) , and extremely severe stress (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) (40) (41) (42) ....
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...The total depression subscale score was divided into normal (0-9), mild depression (10) (11) (12) , moderate depression (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) , severe depression (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) , and extremely severe depression (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34) (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) (40) (41) (42) ....
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...Based on our understanding, most of the research related to this outbreak focuses on identifying the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of infected patients [6, 12] , the genomic characterization of the virus [22] , and challenges for global health governance [23] ....
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...For the stress subscale, 821 (67.9%) were considered to have a normal score (score: 0-10); 292 (24.1%) were considered to suffer from mild stress (score: 11-18); 66 (5.5%) were considered to suffer from moderate stress (score: [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] ; and 31 (2.6%) were considered to suffer from severe and extremely severe stress (score: 27-42)....
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5,446 citations