Immune modulation by multifaceted cationic host defense (antimicrobial) peptides.
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...Interestingly, some AMPs can produce a variety of immune responses: activation, attraction, and differentiation of white blood cells; stimulation of angiogenesis; reduction of inflammation by lowering the expression of proinflammatory chemokines; and controlling the expressio of hemokines and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species [21,25,118,120,121]....
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...In addition to the direct killing of microbes, AMPs can also recruit and activate immune cells (Figure 3), resulting in enhanced microbial killing and/or control of inflammation [21,118,119]....
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...The exact mechanisms are not well understood [21], however, some studies show that AMPs may act as vaccine adjuvants [121,127]....
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