Immunoglobulin spots on the surface of rabbit lymphocytes.
01 Nov 1970-Journal of Experimental Medicine (The Rockefeller University Press)-Vol. 132, Iss: 5, pp 1001-1018
TL;DR: It was found that each lymphocyte had immunoglobulins synthesized under the influence of only one of two alleles, and a very small proportion of lymphocytes could be shown to have a specific surface reaction with one antigen (horse ferritin); the proportion of these cells increased very much after immunization.
Abstract: Small and medium lymphocytes from the peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues of the rabbit react in suspension with antibodies directed against different immunoglobulin determinants. Through immunofluorescence, it was possible to show that numerous discrete spots on the surface of the positive lymphocytes carry immunoglobulin molecules.
The positive lymphocytes are about one-half of all lymphocytes in the different preparations; thymus lymphocytes are all negative.
With antisera specific for rabbit IgM as well as with antisera directed against allotypic determinants specific for IgM or IgG, it was possible to show that about nine-tenths of the immunoglobulin-positive lymphocytes carry IgM molecules on their surface.
With antisera directed against a - and b -locus determinants, it was also possible to demonstrate that both heavy and light chains were present in the surface immunoglobulins. Furthermore, in animals which were heterozygous at the a or the b locus, it was found that each lymphocyte had immunoglobulins synthesized under the influence of only one of two alleles.
A very small proportion of lymphocytes could be shown to have a specific surface reaction with one antigen (horse ferritin); the proportion of these cells increased very much after immunization.
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TL;DR: A second selection process occurs during immune responses in which a new antibody repertoire is generated through somatic hypermutation, where only mutants binding antigen with high affinity survive to become memory cells.
Abstract: Each antibody-producing B cell makes antibodies of unique specificity, reflecting a series of ordered gene rearrangements which must be successfully performed if the cell is to survive. A second selection process occurs during immune responses in which a new antibody repertoire is generated through somatic hypermutation. Here only mutants binding antigen with high affinity survive to become memory cells. Cells expressing autoreactive receptors are counter-selected at both stages. This stringent positive and negative selection allows the generation and diversification of cells while rigorously controlling their specificity.
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TL;DR: A possible mechanism for lymphocyte triggering by antigen is suggested and questions about cell membrane structure are raised.
Abstract: Antibody reacting with lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin molecules induces these to gather over one pole of the cell. This suggests a possible mechanism for lymphocyte triggering by antigen and raises questions about cell membrane structure.
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TL;DR: The arrangement of lipids and some proteins in the erythrocyte membrane has been discussed and the conclusions are listed here as a set of general guidelines for the structure of membranes of higher organisms: some of these rules may be wrong.
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References
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01 Jan 1959
TL;DR: The clonal selection theory of acquired immunity is studied as a theory of selection for immunity in the context of infectious disease.
Abstract: The clonal selection theory of acquired immunity , The clonal selection theory of acquired immunity , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
2,208 citations
2,201 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that the proteolytic enzyme splits off an inactive portion of the molecule; and that subsequent to this reaction the bivalent residue can be divided into two univalent fragments by breaking the disulfide bonds which hold them together.
880 citations
"Immunoglobulin spots on the surface..." refers background in this paper
...This antiserum, however, contained some antibodies to Fab fragment, and was therefore absorbed with pepsin (Fab)2 fragment (12) made insoluble by cross-linking with ethylchloroformate (9)....
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TL;DR: The cellular localization of allotypes in rabbit lymphoid tissues has been studied by immunofluorescence and double staining for two allotypes controlled by genes at different loci has shown the presence of cells containing immunoglobulins that lack one allotype.
Abstract: The cellular localization of allotypes in rabbit lymphoid tissues has been studied by immunofluorescence. In heterozygous animals the double staining for two allotypes controlled by allelic genes (A1 and A2; A4 and A5; A4 and A6) has shown the existence of two populations of plasma cells, one containing one allotype and the other the alternative one. The localization in different cells of immunoglobulins marked by allelic allotypic specificities has been confirmed by microspectrography of single cells. An exception to this rule was given by the presence in the germinal centers of lymphoid follicles of apparently uniform mixtures of products of the two allelic genes.
Double staining for two allotypes controlled by genes at different loci showed, instead, the presence of many cells containing both allotypes; the number of these cells was highest in doubly homozygotes, in the other it was consistent with random association of non-allelic specificities.
In addition double staining for one allotype and gamma G globulins in the lymphoid tissues of rabbits homozygous at the a or at the b locus, has shown the presence of cells containing immunoglobulins that lack one allotype.
401 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the theta (θ) isoantigen is determined by a single locus with two alleles: θAKR and RF mice and θC3H present in most other inbred strains of mice tested, which is found chiefly in thymus lymphocytes and brain, and to a lesser extent in peripheral lymphocytes in mice.
Abstract: THERE is an obvious need for a marker that will differentiate one type of lymphocyte from another. The need has become urgent in view of recent evidence suggesting that there are at least two populations of lymphocytes, one thymus-derived and one bone marrow-derived, which participate in different ways in the immune response1. The theta (θ) isoantigen (θ is determined by a single locus with two alleles: θAKR found in AKR and RF mice and θC3H present in most other inbred strains of mice tested), described by Reif and Allen2,3, which is found chiefly in thymus lymphocytes and brain, and to a lesser extent in peripheral lymphocytes in mice, seemed a possible antigenic marker of thymus-derived lymphocytes. To establish that θ is such a marker, it is necessary to demonstrate that there is a discrete population of peripheral lymphocytes which carry the antigen and that these cells are thymus-dependent.
375 citations