Immunologic reactions and periodontal inflammation.
TL;DR: There is abundant evidence that bacteria associated with dental plaque are the primary etiologic factor in periodontal inflammation, and potent bacterial antigens that could add to the development of periodontic inflammation are prominent.
Abstract: There is abundant evidence that bacteria associated with dental plaque are the primary etiologic factor in periodontal inflammation.1-3 Bacteria isolated from dental plaque have been shown to produce many tissue-damaging products.' Probably most important from the standpoint of immunologic injury to oral tissues are the potent bacterial antigens that could add to the development of periodontal inflammation. Prominent among these antigens are the so-called endotoxins or lipopolysaccharides from oral gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial endotoxins are derived from the outer membrane of the complex cell wall of gramnegative bacteria and are macromolecular structures containing polysaccharide, phospholipid, and small quantities of protein.
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TL;DR: Results indicate that the PMNL chemotaxis defect observed in juvenile periodontitis is due to a cell-associated defect of long duration and that the cellular chemotactic defects and may predispose subjects to LJP.
Abstract: Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) chemotaxis studies of 32 patients with localized juvenile periodontitis (periodontosis or LJP), 10 adult patients with a history of LJP (post-LJP), 8 patients with generalized juvenile periodontitis (GJP), and 23 adults with moderate to severe periodontitis were performed: (i) to determine the prevalence of a PMNL chemotaxis defect in a large group of LJP patients; (ii) to study PMNL chemotaxis in patients with other forms of severe periodontal disease; and (iii) to determine if the PMNL chemotaxis defect seen in LJP patients is a cell-associated defect or is mediated by humoral factors. The effect of periodontal treatment on PMNL chemotaxis was studied in nine LJP patients. The chemotactic response was measured with the Boyden chamber procedure, and patient's peripheral PMNL were compared with those of control subjects, using endotoxin-activated serum, bacterial factor, N-formylmethionyl-leucylphenylalanine, and leukocyte-derived chemotactic factor as the standard chemoattractants. Based upon statistical analysis of chemotaxis assays, most carried out on at least two and often three or more separate occasions, 26 of 32 LJP patients, 7 of 10 post-LJP patients, and 5 of 8 GJP patients exhibited cellular defects of chemotaxis, whereas only 2 of 23 of the patients with adult periodontitis exhibited depressed chemotaxis. Elevated PMNL chemotaxis was occasionally found in subjects with juvenile periodontitis (2 of 32 with LJP and two of eight with GJP); however, it was found in a significant number (10 of 23) of patients with adult periodontitis. In eight of nine LJP patients, depressed PMNL chemotaxis was observed before and after periodontal therapy. The results indicate that the PMNL chemotaxis defect observed in juvenile periodontitis is due to a cell-associated defect of long duration. These studies suggest that the PMNL plays a major protective role against periodontal infection and that the cellular chemotactic defects and may predispose subjects to LJP.
285 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that some forms of periodontitis are associated with impaired polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis and suggest that a failure of a major host protective mechanism to dental plaque may increase susceptibility to periodontal disease.
Abstract: Polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotactic studies were performed in young patients with juvenile periodontitis/periodontosis and adult patients with aggressive periodontitis. In the juvenile periodontitis/periodontosis group, 86% showed modest leukotactic defects, the majority of which were due to intrinsic abnormality of cells. In the older patients with rapidly progressing periodontitis 48% had detectable leukotactic defects; the majority of which were serum associated. The results indicate that some forms of periodontitis are associated with impaired polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis and suggest that a failure of a major host protective mechanism to dental plaque may increase susceptibility to periodontal disease.
246 citations
TL;DR: The lipopolysaccharide from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strains Y4 and N27 was isolated by the phenol-water procedure and revealed both LPS molecules to be active in the Schwartzman reaction and in in vitro 45Ca bone resorption, as well as in macrophage activation and lethality and in platelet aggregation.
Abstract: The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strains Y4 and N27 was isolated by the phenol-water procedure. Morphologically, the molecule consisted of ribbon and branched filaments which comprised 3% of the cellular dry weight. Chemical analysis of the isolated and purified LPSs of both strains showed them to consist of carbohydrate, lipid, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, heptose, hexosamine, and phosphate. The major fatty acids of the lipid A moiety were saturated C14 and beta-OH C14 compounds. Rhamnose, fucose, galactose, glucose, heptose, glucosamine, and galactosamine comprised the monosaccharide portion of the LPS. Biological activity studies revealed both LPS molecules to be active in the Schwartzman reaction and in in vitro 45Ca bone resorption, as well as in macrophage activation and lethality and in platelet aggregation.
176 citations
Cites background from "Immunologic reactions and periodont..."
...cross epithelial barriers and elicit pathologies characteristic of periodontal disease (22, 24, 34, 41)....
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...These substances could attract numerous inflammatory cells into the involved region (34, 40)....
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TL;DR: Findings indicate that periodonitis may be associated with depressed antibacterial serum antibody titers of the IgG and IgA classes.
Abstract: Serum antibody titers from patients with periodontitis were compared with those from periodontally healthy subjects. With the micro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and IgM antibody titers to isolates of Streptococcus sanguis, Actinomyces viscosus, Bacteroides gingivalis, Bacteroides melaninogenicus subsp. intermedius, Bacteroides gingivalis, Bacteroides melaninogenicus subsp. intermedius, Bacteroides ochraceus, and Fusobacterium nucleation were determined. Antibody titers of the IgG and IgA classes to B. melaninogenicus, B. ochraceus, F. nucleatum, and S. sanguis were found to be significantly higher in the controls than in the patients. No correlations were found with serum IgM titers. These findings indicate that periodonitis may be associated with depressed antibacterial serum antibody titers of the IgG and IgA classes.
97 citations
Cites background from "Immunologic reactions and periodont..."
...The destructive manifestations of the immunological response to oral microorganisms has been proposed to play a role in the development and chronic nature of inflammatory periodontal disease (1, 7, 8, 13, 22, 25, 37)....
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References
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3,304 citations
"Immunologic reactions and periodont..." refers background in this paper
...(2) Evaluation of the periodontal disease syndrome in experimental animals after administration of immunologic depressants such as antileukocyte serum, and various inhibitors of the complement system....
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...(2) Evaluation of patients who are receiving immune depressant therapy (such as antilymphocyte serum, steroids, and radiation therapy)....
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...(1) Detection of biologically active fragments from the complement system in saliva, sulcular fluid, and gingival tissue, (2) Identification of antigenic components of oral bacteria in gingival tissue by fluorescent antibody technic....
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TL;DR: Results are described which indicate that, when antibody-antigen complexes are incubated in fresh serum, a heat-stable substance (or substances) is produced which acts directly as a chemotactic stimulus on the polymorphs.
Abstract: An in vitro technique is described for assessing the chemotactic activity of soluble substances on motile cells. Antibody-antigen mixtures when incubated (37°C) in medium containing fresh (i.e. non-inactivated) normal rabbit serum exert a strong chemotactic effect on rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Results are described which indicate that, when antibody-antigen complexes are incubated (37°C) in fresh serum, a heat-stable (56°C) substance (or substances) is produced which acts directly as a chemotactic stimulus on the polymorphs. This heat-stable chemotactic substance is not produced when antibody-antigen complexes are incubated in serum which has been heated at 56°C for 30 minutes.
2,699 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1969
TL;DR: Topics covered include general principles of oral pathology, pathology of jaws and teeth, pathologyof oral mucosa, tongue and salivary glands, and special oral pathology.
Abstract: This book is intended for use by both the student and practitioner seeking a general survey of oral pathology. Revised and updated, this seventh edition is divided into five parts, and topics covered include general principles of oral pathology, pathology of jaws and teeth, pathology of oral mucosa, tongue and salivary glands, and special oral pathology.
454 citations
"Immunologic reactions and periodont..." refers background in this paper
...What is the specificity of these antibodies? (6) Is the extracellular portion of dental plaque antigenic? Can specific immunoglubulins to this material be dedetected?...
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...Are these small lymphocytes, immunocytes that differentiate into plasma cells, or do they function in some other form of hypersensitivity reaction? (6) By what mechanisms do plamsa cells and lymphocytes accumulate in the gingival tissue? (7) Study of the phylogenic differences in the immune response seen in humans and the various experimental animals used to study periodontal disease....
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TL;DR: This chapter discusses the chemistry and reaction mechanisms of complement, the principal, immunologically relevant effector system that is present in blood serum and consists of nine components or eleven distinct serum proteins.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the chemistry and reaction mechanisms of complement. Complement constitutes the principal, immunologically relevant effector system that is present in blood serum. It consists of nine components or eleven distinct serum proteins. Membranes are the primary target of complement. They are irreversibly damaged, sustaining distinct ultrastructural lesions, by direct attack that requires participation of all nine complement components. Isolation of many of these components makes possible the analysis of the chemistry and dynamics of the complement reactions themselves and the understanding of the protein-protein interactions and enzyme activations involved. The effects of complement, primarily on cell surface membranes, eventuate in a spectrum of changes ranging from cell lysis to directed migration, histamine release, and susceptibility to phagocytosis, all of which are partially described in molecular terms. Complement research has become an active, rapidly moving, and exciting field of the biological sciences. New methods and tools are available to the biologist and clinician for the investigation of the physiogenic and pathogenic role of complement.
294 citations
TL;DR: Simultaneous inoculations with the aerobic filament and a specific streptococcus induced both periodontal disease and caries in the same animal.
216 citations