Immunological effects of induced shame and guilt.
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5,028 citations
Cites background from "Immunological effects of induced sh..."
...Consistent with this premise, selfreports of shame or nonverbal shame behaviors have correlated with alterations in certain immunological and neuroendocrine parameters (Dickerson et al., 2004; M. Lewis & Ramsay, 2002; Weitzman, Kemeny, & Fahey, 2004)....
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...We have shown that revealing negative aspects of the self in an anonymous and confidential setting does not elevate cortisol levels (Dickerson et al., 2004), suggesting that at least the potential for critique may be necessary to elicit a cortisol response....
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2,141 citations
Cites background from "Immunological effects of induced sh..."
...Considering these patterns of immunoresponse in toto, Dickerson et al. (2004a) note, “. . .shame may be experienced particularly in conditions characterized by negative social evaluation and rejection....
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...…correlates of shame Researchers have recently begun to evaluate psychobiological markers of shame, examining biological responses to laboratory manipulations designed to threaten the social self (Dickerson et al. 2004b, Gruenewald et al. 2004; see Dickerson et al. 2004a for a review)....
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...Physiological research has linked the shame experience with elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokine and cortisol (Dickerson et al. 2004a), which can trigger postural signs of deference and selfconcealment (see New Directions in Research on Shame and Guilt: Physiological Correlates of Shame)....
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1,361 citations
1,279 citations
1,129 citations
Cites background from "Immunological effects of induced sh..."
...In an experimental laboratory investigation, Dickerson et al. (2004) found that a manipulation designed to induce social threat led to an increase in sTNFαRII activity, suggesting that social emotions (in this case, shame and guilt) may be associated with elevations in proinflammatory cytokine…...
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...Stress inductions have also been associated with changes in proinflammatory cytokine activity (e.g., Dickerson et al. 2004), effects that may be driven, in part, by autonomic and HPA axis activity....
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...All rights reserved 1548-5943/07/0427-0377$20.00 377...
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References
225,085 citations
"Immunological effects of induced sh..." refers methods in this paper
...The interassay and intraassay coefficients of variation were less than or equal to 5%. Protein in oral fluids was quantified by the Bradford method ( 33 ) using the Bio-Rad protein assay kit with bovine plasma albumin as the standard....
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37,447 citations
"Immunological effects of induced sh..." refers background in this paper
...Appraisal and emotional processes are thought to play a key role in determining biological responses to stressful conditions (39)....
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9,970 citations
6,982 citations
"Immunological effects of induced sh..." refers background in this paper
...However, consistent with the literature specifically tying shame and guilt to self-blame (5, 6), the self-related emotions were differentially activated by the procedures....
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...We argue that shame is in this category (38), based on evidence that it is elicited in situations experienced as uncontrollable and reflecting shortcomings within the self (4, 5), and its experiential and behavioral components are consistent with disengagement and/or withdrawal (eg, wanting to hide, disappear, avoid interpersonal interaction; displays of submission/ appeasement) (3, 4, 8)....
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...In healthy students undergoing examination stress, those who reported greater increases in feelings of uncontrollability (as measured by the Perceived Stress Scale) showed the largest increases in TNF- activity (18), and attributions of uncontrollability have been associated with shame (5)....
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5,028 citations
"Immunological effects of induced sh..." refers background or methods in this paper
...This rest period was used to capture cortisol activity during the emotion induction, because it takes approximately 30 minutes after the onset of a stressor to produce maximal elevations in cortisol levels ( 26 )....
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...We also assessed cortisol because cytokines can stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis (HPA) (14), and cortisol levels have been shown to increase in affective disorders (eg, depression) and in response to certain threatening situations ( 26 , 27)....
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...While it is possible that methodological factors precluded detecting increases in cortisol levels, the study was conducted in the late afternoon and cortisol was assessed 30 minutes from stress onset to maximize the chances of capturing a cortisol response ( 26 )....
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...All sessions took place between 4:00 and 7:00 PM to control for diurnal variations in neuroendocrine parameters and because afternoon sessions have been associated with greater cortisol responses ( 26 )....
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...Instead, cortisol increases were most likely to occur when two conditions were present: a task that is likely to elicit negative appraisals of the self (eg, making a speech) and an evaluative audience ( 26 )....
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