Impact of driving style and road grade on gaseous exhaust emissions of passenger vehicles measured by a Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS)
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of different driving styles and route characteristics on on-road exhaust emissions on Euro-6c regulation including Real Driving Emissions (RDE) compliant test route is addressed.
Abstract: Motivated by the upcoming Euro-6c regulation including Real Driving Emissions (RDE), the present study addresses the impact of different driving styles and route characteristics on on-road exhaust emissions. Gaseous emissions of two Diesel test vehicles (Euro-5 and Euro-6) were measured using a Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) on an RDE compliant test route. The driving parameters relative positive acceleration (RPA), mean positive acceleration (MPA) and v ∗ a pos 95 allowed a favorable classification of different driving styles. The comparison of driving parameters for normal PEMS trips with reference data obtained from the World harmonized Light-duty Test Cycle (WLTC) and from Field Operational Tests (FOT) indicated a good representation of normal driving. Severe driving led to elevated CO 2 and NO x emissions as compared to normal trips while CO and HC did not allow a distinct classification of different driving styles. Route characteristics of four different routes were investigated applying the parameter cumulated altitude gain using Google Elevation data. The distance specific NO x emissions were in the same range for trips with comparable driving dynamics on routes with similar cumulated altitude gain. Based on repetitive measurements the road grade was calculated within 100 m segments. CO 2 and NO x emissions measured by a PEMS showed a linear increase with road grade. Larger emissions at higher road grades could be explained by more frequent high engine load points. In this study cumulated altitude gain and road grade were directly correlated to emissions measured by the PEMS and the step from 0 to 5% road grade led to a CO 2 increase of 65–81% and a NO x increase of 85–115%.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the major factors of eco-driving are acceleration/deceleration, driving speed, route choice and idling, and the challenges and future research directions of eco driving technology are elaborated.
Abstract: Road transport consumes significant quantities of fossil fuel and accounts for a significant proportion of CO2 and pollutant emissions worldwide. The driver is a major and often overlooked factor that determines vehicle performance. Eco-driving is a relatively low-cost and immediate measure to reduce fuel consumption and emissions significantly. This paper reviews the major factors, research methods and implementation of eco-driving technology. The major factors of eco-driving are acceleration/deceleration, driving speed, route choice and idling. Eco-driving training programs and in-vehicle feedback devices are commonly used to implement eco-driving skills. After training or using in-vehicle devices, immediate and significant reductions in fuel consumption and CO2 emissions have been observed with slightly increased travel time. However, the impacts of both methods attenuate over time due to the ingrained driving habits developed over the years. These findings imply the necessity of developing quantitative eco-driving patterns that could be integrated into vehicle hardware so as to generate more constant and uniform improvements, as well as developing more effective and lasting training programs and in-vehicle devices. Current eco-driving studies mainly focus on the fuel savings and CO2 reduction of individual vehicles, but ignore the pollutant emissions and the impacts at network levels. Finally, the challenges and future research directions of eco-driving technology are elaborated.
194 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review focuses on how culture can complicate and impede attempts at promoting more efficient, more sustainable, and often more affordable forms of mobility as well as energy use in homes and buildings.
Abstract: This review focuses on how culture can complicate and impede attempts at promoting more efficient, more sustainable, and often more affordable forms of mobility as well as energy use in homes and buildings. In simpler terms: it illustrates the cultural barriers to a low-carbon, low-energy future across 28 countries. Rather than focus on energy supply, it deals intently with energy end-use, demand, and consumption. In terms of low-carbon transport and mobility, it examines the cultural barriers to aggressive driving, speeding, and eco-driving; automated vehicles; and ridesharing and carpooling. In terms of cooking and building energy use, it examines the cultural barriers to solar home systems, improved cookstoves, and energy efficient heating, cooling, and hot water practices. For each case, the review synthesizes a wide range of studies showing that culture can operate as a salient but often unacknowledged barrier to low-carbon transitions as well as sustainability transitions more generally. The paper concludes with recommendations aimed at catalyzing the effectiveness and efficiency with which policymakers, researchers and practitioners are able to research, develop, demonstrate and deploy culturally appropriate technologies and policies for a low-carbon transition.
100 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed different steps in the lifecycle of an electric vehicle, their impact on environmental emissions, and recommended policies suitable for different socio-economic group that are relevant to the Indian market.
Abstract: Electric vehicles reduce pollution only if a high percentage of the electricity mix comes from renewable sources and if the battery manufacturing takes place at a site far from the vehicle use region. Industries developed due to increased electric vehicle adoption may also cause additional air pollution. The Indian government has committed to solving New Delhi’s air pollution issues through an ambitious policy of switching 100% of the light duty consumer vehicles to electric vehicles by 2030. This policy is based on vehicle grid interaction and relies on shared mobility through the electric vehicle fleet. There are several human behavioral changes necessary to achieve 100% adoption of electric vehicles. This paper reviews different steps in the lifecycle of an electric vehicle (EV), their impact on environmental emissions, and recommends policies suitable for different socio-economic group that are relevant to the Indian market. To reduce air pollution through adoption of electric vehicles, the Indian government needs to adopt policies that increase sale of electric vehicles, increase percentage of renewable energy in the electricity mix, and prevent air pollution caused from battery manufacturing. The recommended policies can be customized for any market globally for reducing air pollution through increased adoption of electric vehicles.
96 citations
TL;DR: The present work investigates the on-road emissions of NOx, NO2, CO, particle number (PN) and CO2 from a fleet of 19 Euro 6b, 6c and 6d-TEMP vehicles, including diesel, gasoline (GDI and PFI) and compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles.
85 citations
Cites background from "Impact of driving style and road gr..."
...Several authors have recently reported emissions, mainly NOx and CO2 emissions, from RDE-like test (Kwon et al., 2017; Gallus et al., 2017; Costagliola et al., 2018; O'Driscoll et al., 2018; Ramos et al., 2018; Suarez-Bertoa et al., 2019)....
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TL;DR: The real-world emissions during normal driving conditions are effectively captured with the new RDE test, however driving the vehicle dynamically, at conditions outside the RDE regulation boundaries, results to disproportional high emissions.
84 citations
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TL;DR: Among the top GPS performers, it is determined that users could expect positional accuracies within approximately 5 m of true position in open sky settings, 7 m in young forest conditions, and 10 m under closed canopies.
Abstract: Our primary study objective was to test the accuracy and reliability of consumer-grade GPS receivers in a variety of landscape settings. We established three measurement testing courses in open sky, young forest, and closed canopy settings within a conifer-dominated forest in western Oregon and rigorously tested the positional accuracy of six different GPS. All units were produced by established GPS manufacturers. We found that performance varied, in some cases considerably, among units and appeared to be influenced by canopy cover and satellite availability. Among the top GPS performers, we determined that users could expect positional accuracies within approximately 5 m of true position in open sky settings, 7 m in young forest conditions, and 10 m under closed canopies.
328 citations
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: The influence on vehicle emissions and energy consumption of different vehicle parameters and driving style as well as of traffic measures taken in order to increase transport safety or to reduce traffic jams are described to allow the Flemish Regional Government to perform more realistic modelling of the impact of transport on air pollution.
Abstract: This paper describes the influence on vehicle emissions and energy consumption of different vehicle parameters and driving style as well as of traffic measures taken in order to increase transport safety or to reduce traffic jams. This should allow the Flemish Regional Government to perform more realistic modelling of the impact of transport on air pollution. The methodology is based on on-road measurements, roll-bench emission tests, vehicle simulations and regional emission modelling (for the Flemish Region, which encompasses the northern part of Belgium and is one of three entities that constitute the Federal Kingdom of Belgium). A vehicle simulation programme (VSP) has assisted in the assessment of the individual vehicle parameters (weight, gear shifts, tyre pressure, etc.). Different drive styles (sportive, EcoDriving, etc.) were measured on-road and evaluated on a roll-bench. Typical speed profiles corresponding to different traffic measures such as roundabouts, phased traffic lights, etc., were also recorded at different locations in the Flemish Region. All data were distilled into small driving cycles, representative of a certain traffic situation or driving style, and repeated on a roll-bench to measure the emissions in controlled circumstances. Technical solutions as well as educational programmes are proposed as possible measures to reduce the influence of driving style on emissions and fuel consumption. Finally, the results indicate how the emission calculations performed by the Flemish government can be improved.
263 citations
TL;DR: The first comprehensive on-road emissions test of light-duty vehicles with state-of-the-art Portable Emission Measurement Systems finds that nitrogen oxides emissions of gasoline vehicles as well as carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbon emissions of both diesel and gasoline vehicles generally remain below the respective emission limits.
Abstract: For obtaining type approval in the European Union, light-duty vehicles have to comply with emission limits during standardized laboratory emissions testing. Although emission limits have become more stringent in past decades, light-duty vehicles remain an important source of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide emissions in Europe. Furthermore, persisting air quality problems in many urban areas suggest that laboratory emissions testing may not accurately capture the on-road emissions of light-duty vehicles. To address this issue, we conduct the first comprehensive on-road emissions test of light-duty vehicles with state-of-the-art Portable Emission Measurement Systems. We find that nitrogen oxides emissions of gasoline vehicles as well as carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbon emissions of both diesel and gasoline vehicles generally remain below the respective emission limits. By contrast, nitrogen oxides emissions of diesel vehicles (0.93 ± 0.39 grams per kilometer [g/km]), including modern Euro 5 diesel ...
226 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the effect of road grade on vehicle fuel consumption (and thus carbon dioxide [CO2] emissions) and showed that road grade does have significant effects on the fuel economy of lig...
Abstract: Recently, advanced navigation systems have been developed that provide users the ability to select not only a shortest-distance route and even the shortest-duration route (on the basis of real-time traffic congestion information) but also routes that minimize fuel consumption as well as greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions. In these ecorouting systems, fuel consumption and emission attributes are estimated for roadway links on the basis of the measured traffic volume, density, and average speed. Instead of standard travel time or distance attributes, these link attributes are then used as cost factors when an optimal route for any particular trip is selected. In addition to roadway congestion attributes, road grade factors also have an effect on fuel consumption and emissions. This study evaluated the effect of road grade on vehicle fuel consumption (and thus carbon dioxide [CO2] emissions). The real-world experimental results show that road grade does have significant effects on the fuel economy of lig...
197 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the development and validation of passenger car emission factors, using real world operation data, were discussed, in order to provide a range of driving conditions, including urban, rural and highway driving.
155 citations