Impact of nitrogen supply on leaf water relations and physiological traits in a set of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars under drought stress
01 Aug 2018-Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd)-Vol. 204, Iss: 4, pp 359-374
TL;DR: Results indicate that potatoes have only a limited capacity of active OA and that increasing sugar and proline concentrations are rather associated with the protection of cellular components.
Abstract: Improved adaptation of potato to limited water availability is needed for stable yields under drought. The maintenance of the cell water status and protection of cellular components against dehydration are important for drought tolerance, and the N status of plants affects the regulation of various respective metabolic processes. A 2‐year pot trial with 17 potato cultivars was conducted under a rain‐out shelter including two water regimes and two N‐levels to investigate genotypic differences concerning osmotic adjustment (OA) and relevant biochemical traits in relation to nitrogen (N) supply. Drought stress resulted in a rapid decrease in the leaf osmotic potential. The N, protein and proline contents increased under drought, while the N protein/NKⱼₑₗdₐₕₗ ratio decreased. Initially, total soluble sugars increased at both N‐levels but dropped back to the control level at high N‐availability under prolonged drought while remaining high in N‐deficient plants. Results indicate that potatoes have only a limited capacity of active OA and that increasing sugar and proline concentrations are rather associated with the protection of cellular components. High N supply promoted the N protein/NKⱼₑₗdₐₕₗ ratio at short‐term drought and enhanced proline accumulation. Significant genotypic differences were observed for all investigated traits.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the main abiotic stressors were examined, namely drought, heat and salinity stress, focusing on the mechanisms involved in the most common vegetable crops responses, and the use of eco-sustainable cultural techniques, such as biostimulants, grafting and genomic sequencing techniques, to increase the quality of tomato crop under adverse environmental conditions are also presented.
Abstract: Environmental pollution, increasing CO2 atmospheric levels and the greenhouse effect are closely associated with the ongoing climate change and the extreme climatic events we are witnessing all over the Earth. Drought, high temperature and salinity are among the main environmental stresses that negatively affect the yield of numerous crops, challenging the world food safety. These effects are more profound in vegetable crops which are generally more susceptible to climate change than field or tree crops. The response to single or combined environmental stressors involves various changes in plant morphology and physiology or in molecular processes. Knowing the mechanisms behind these responses may help towards the creation of more tolerant genotypes in the long-term. However, the imediacy of the problem requires urgently short-term measures such as the use of eco-sustainable agricultural practices which can alleviate the negative effects of environmental pollution and allow vegetable crops to adapt to adverse climatic conditions. In this review, the main abiotic stressors were examined, namely drought, heat and salinity stress, focusing on the mechanisms involved in the most common vegetable crops responses. Moreover, the use of eco-sustainable cultural techniques, such as biostimulants, grafting and genomic sequencing techniques, to increase the quality of tomato crop under adverse environmental conditions are also presented.
71 citations
TL;DR: Today, potatoes face more challenges with severe abiotic stresses, and appropriate cultivation techniques must be applied along with precision farming technology and tolerant varieties developed from various breeding techniques, in order to realize high yield under multiple stresses.
Abstract: Climate change triggers increases in temperature, drought, and/or salinity that threaten potato production, because they necessitate specific amounts and quality of water, meanwhile lower temperatures generally support stable crop yields. Various cultivation techniques have been developed to reduce the negative effects of drought, heat and/or salinity stresses on potato. Developing innovative varieties with relevant tolerance to abiotic stress is absolutely necessary to guarantee competitive production under sub-optimal environments. Commercial varieties are sensitive to abiotic stresses, and substantial changes to their higher tolerance levels are not easily achieved because their genetic base is narrow. Nonetheless, there are several other possibilities for genetic enhancement using landraces and wild relatives. The complexity of polysomic genetics and heterozygosity in potato hamper the phenotype evaluation over abiotic stresses and consequent conventional introgression of tolerance traits, which are more challenging than previous successes shown over diseases and insects resistances. Today, potatoes face more challenges with severe abiotic stresses. Potato wild relatives can be explored further using innovative genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic approaches. At the field level, appropriate cultivation techniques must be applied along with precision farming technology and tolerant varieties developed from various breeding techniques, in order to realize high yield under multiple stresses.
24 citations
Cites background from "Impact of nitrogen supply on leaf w..."
...Nitrogen content also increases in response to drought stress, and genotype-related differences in this variable have also been investigated (Meise et al. 2018). b. High-throughput phenotyping supporting potato breeding Appropriate phenotyping techniques are essential, given the phenotypic…...
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...Nitrogen content also increases in response to drought stress, and genotype-related differences in this variable have also been investigated (Meise et al. 2018)....
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TL;DR: Genotype and drought as well as genotype and N level interactions were significant for all investigated traits, i.e. tuber yield, starch and NKjeldahl contents, starch yield and water consumption.
Abstract: Water and nitrogen (N) management is a key factor in starch potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production to ensure good yield and quality. Due to its shallow root system, potato is sensitive to drought and N uptake is limited to the upper soil layer resulting in leaching of nitrate. Efficient utilization of N and water can be optimized by adaptation of the cropping system and by selection of improved genotypes. A 2-year pot experiment with 14 modern starch and 3 table potato cultivars was conducted under controlled conditions in a rain-out shelter in order to investigate genotype-dependent responses to N deficiency and drought stress with regard to yield and yield components. Plants were grown at two N levels and a short-term drought-stress period during the sensitive tuber initiation stage was applied. Starch yield under control condition reached an average of 80.2 g plant−1, which was reduced under drought stress by 18% at sufficient N supply and by 23% at N deficiency. Sufficient N fertilization improved the water use efficiency under both continuous water supply and drought stress. N limitation increased the N use efficiency (NUE) at continuous watering, while NUE was not affected by drought stress at sufficient N supply but decreased under N deficiency. Genotype and drought as well as genotype and N level interactions were significant for all investigated traits, i.e. tuber yield (fresh and dry matter), starch and NKjeldahl contents, starch yield and water consumption.
18 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, two field experiments were conducted to understand the physiological role of Azolla filiculoides Lam. extract (AE), as a promising biofertilizer, in enhancing growth, physiology, yield, N uptake efficiency (NUpE), NUE and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) in N-deficient maize plants under full and deficit irrigation.
Abstract: Owing to water scarcity and environmental hazards of synthetic fertilizers, reducing water and chemical N fertilizers is very urgent for sustainable agriculture. Thus, two field experiments were conducted to understand the physiological role of Azolla filiculoides Lam. extract (AE), as a promising biofertilizer, in enhancing growth, physiology, yield, N uptake efficiency (NUpE), N use efficiency (NUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) in N-deficient maize plants under full and deficit irrigation. The experimental design was split plot with irrigation treatments as main plots and N treatments including full nitrogen (FN; 285 kg N ha−1), nitrogen deficiency (ND; 190 kg N ha−1) and ND (190 kg N ha−1) + AE (10% w/v) as subplots. At the vegetative stage, deficit irrigation was performed by withholding water from 26 to 56 days after sowing, while N-deficient plants received two-thirds of the total recommended N. N deficiency caused deleterious impacts on growth and yield of maize plants, particularly under deficit irrigation. However, results evidenced the role of Azolla extract, as an efficient biofertilizer, in combination with deficit irrigation in improving NUpE, NUE and IWUE without substantial decreases in grain and stover yields of N-deficient maize plants. Application of Azolla extract improved growth, yield attributes, irrigation water and N use efficiency via enhancing photosynthetic pigments, leaf water status, proline accumulation and N uptake with a reduction in membrane oxidative damage. Overall, the application of Azolla extract is an eco-friendly and cost-effective organic fertilizer to reduce more than 30% of urea fertilizer without affecting grain yield of maize plants.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of three N fertilization rates (0, 140 and 280 kg ha−1, referred to as N0, N140 and N280) simultaneously on the crop physiology, yield components, N use efficiency and tuber chemical composition of cv. Bellini.
Abstract: Potato is often produced by adopting high nitrogen (N) external inputs to maximize its yield, although the possible agronomic and qualitative benefits of a N over-fertilization to the crop are scarcely demonstrated. Therefore, our aim was to determine, over two years, the effect of three N fertilization rates (0, 140 and 280 kg ha−1, referred to as N0, N140 and N280) simultaneously on the crop physiology, yield components, N use efficiency and tuber chemical composition of cv. Bellini. Throughout the field monitoring, our data highlighted that N140 provided an improvement of the crop physiology, as expressed in terms of leaf photosynthesis rate and Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) readings, than the other N fertilization rates. In addition, regardless of year and as compared to N0 and N280, the supply of 140 kg N ha−1 also ensured the highest yield and an intermediate value of the nitrogen use efficiency (59.1 t ha−1 and 37.1 kg tuber dry weight kg N−1, respectively), together with nutritionally relevant tuber qualitative traits, i.e. high levels of dry matter, starch (by an enzymatic/spectrophotometric method), total polyphenols (by Folin-Ciocalteu assay) and ascorbic acid [by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis], and a low nitrate amount (by an ion-selective electrode method) (16.6%, 634-3.31-0.61 and 0.93 g kg−1 of dry matter, respectively). Therefore, although a certain interaction between N fertilization rate and year was observed, our findings demonstrated that a conventional N fertilization rate (280 kg ha−1) is unnecessary from both agronomic and qualitative standpoints. This is of considerable importance in the perspective to both limit environmental pollution and improve growers’ profits by limiting N external inputs to potato crops.
14 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a simple colorimetric determination of proline in the 0.1 to 36.0 μmoles/g range of fresh weight leaf material was presented.
Abstract: Proline, which increases proportionately faster than other amino acids in plants under water stress, has been suggested as an evaluating parameter for irrigation scheduling and for selecting drought-resistant varieties. The necessity to analyze numerous samples from multiple replications of field grown materials prompted the development of a simple, rapid colorimetric determination of proline. The method detected proline in the 0.1 to 36.0 μmoles/g range of fresh weight leaf material.
15,328 citations
TL;DR: In this review article, numerous examples of successful application of these compounds to improve plant stress tolerance are presented and a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of exogenously applied GB and proline is expected to aid their effective utilization in crop production in stress environments.
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1,539 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the effect of a single 'drought adaptive' gene on crop performance in water-limited environments can be assessed only when the whole system is considered in terms of YP, DR, and WUE.
Abstract: This presentation is a concept review paper dealing with a central dilemma in understanding, designing, and acting upon crop plant improvement programs for drought conditions. The association among yield potential (YP), drought resistance (DR), and water-use efficiency (WUE) is often misunderstood, which in turn can lead to conceptual oversight and wrong decisions in implementing breeding programs for drought-prone environments. Although high YP is the target of most crop breeding programs, it might not be compatible with superior DR. On the other hand, high YP can contribute to yield in moderate stress environments. Plant production in water-limited environments is very often affected by constitutive plant traits that allow maintenance of a high plant water status (dehydration avoidance). Osmotic adjustment (OA) is a major cellular stress adaptive response in certain crop plants that enhances dehydration avoidance and supports yield under stress. Despite past voiced speculations, there is no proof that OA entails a cost in terms of reduced YP. WUE for yield is often equated in a simplistic manner with DR. The large accumulation of knowledge on crop WUE as derived from research on carbon isotope discrimination allows some conclusions on the relations between WUE on the one hand, and DR and YP on the other, to be made. Briefly, apparent genotypic variations in WUE are normally expressed mainly due to variations in water use (WU; the denominator). Reduced WU, which is reflected in higher WUE, is generally achieved by plant traits and environmental responses that reduce YP. Improved WUE on the basis of reduced WU is expressed in improved yield under water-limited conditions only when there is need to balance crop water use against a limited and known soil moisture reserve. However, under most dryland situations where crops depend on unpredictable seasonal rainfall, the maximisation of soil moisture use is a crucial component of drought resistance (avoidance), which is generally expressed in lower WUE. It is concluded that the effect of a single 'drought adaptive' gene on crop performance in water-limited environments can be assessed only when the whole system is considered in terms of YP, DR, and WUE.
1,311 citations