Journal ArticleDOI
Impact of urbanization and land-use change on climate
Eugenia Kalnay,Ming Cai +1 more
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The difference between trends in observed surface temperatures in the continental United States and the corresponding trends in a reconstruction of surface temperatures determined from a reanalysis of global weather over the past 50 years is used to estimate the impact of land-use changes on surface warming.Abstract:
The most important anthropogenic influences on climate are the emission of greenhouse gases1 and changes in land use, such as urbanization and agriculture2. But it has been difficult to separate these two influences because both tend to increase the daily mean surface temperature3,4. The impact of urbanization has been estimated by comparing observations in cities with those in surrounding rural areas, but the results differ significantly depending on whether population data5 or satellite measurements of night light6,7,8 are used to classify urban and rural areas7,8. Here we use the difference between trends in observed surface temperatures in the continental United States and the corresponding trends in a reconstruction of surface temperatures determined from a reanalysis of global weather over the past 50 years, which is insensitive to surface observations, to estimate the impact of land-use changes on surface warming. Our results suggest that half of the observed decrease in diurnal temperature range is due to urban and other land-use changes. Moreover, our estimate of 0.27 °C mean surface warming per century due to land-use changes is at least twice as high as previous estimates based on urbanization alone7,8.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Global Consequences of Land Use
Jonathan A. Foley,Ruth DeFries,Gregory P. Asner,Carol C. Barford,Gordon B. Bonan,Stephen R. Carpenter,F. Stuart Chapin,Michael T. Coe,Michael T. Coe,Gretchen C. Daily,Holly K. Gibbs,Joseph H. Helkowski,Tracey Holloway,Erica A. Howard,Christopher J. Kucharik,Chad Monfreda,Jonathan A. Patz,I. Colin Prentice,Navin Ramankutty,Peter K. Snyder +19 more
TL;DR: Global croplands, pastures, plantations, and urban areas have expanded in recent decades, accompanied by large increases in energy, water, and fertilizer consumption, along with considerable losses of biodiversity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Global Change and the Ecology of Cities
Nancy B. Grimm,Stanley H. Faeth,Nancy Golubiewski,Charles L. Redman,Jianguo Wu,Xuemei Bai,John M. Briggs +6 more
TL;DR: Urban ecology integrates natural and social sciences to study these radically altered local environments and their regional and global effects of an increasingly urbanized world.
Journal ArticleDOI
Impact of regional climate change on human health
TL;DR: The growing evidence that climate–health relationships pose increasing health risks under future projections of climate change is reviewed and that the warming trend over recent decades has already contributed to increased morbidity and mortality in many regions of the world.
Journal ArticleDOI
Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities
Luís M. A. Bettencourt,José Lobo,Dirk Helbing,Christian Kühnert,Geoffrey B. West,Geoffrey B. West +5 more
TL;DR: Empirical evidence is presented indicating that the processes relating urbanization to economic development and knowledge creation are very general, being shared by all cities belonging to the same urban system and sustained across different nations and times.
Journal ArticleDOI
Uncertainty estimates in regional and global observed temperature changes: A new data set from 1850
TL;DR: HadCRUT3 as mentioned in this paper is a new version of this data set, benefiting from recent improvements to the sea surface temperature data set which forms its marine component, and from improving to the station records which provide the land data.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project
Eugenia Kalnay,Masao Kanamitsu,Robert Kistler,William D. Collins,D.G. Deaven,L. S. Gandin,M. Iredell,Suranjana Saha,Glenn H. White,John S. Woollen,Yuejian Zhu,Muthuvel Chelliah,Wesley Ebisuzaki,Wayne Higgins,John E. Janowiak,Kingtse C. Mo,Chester F. Ropelewski,Julian X. L. Wang,Ants Leetmaa,Richard W. Reynolds,Roy L. Jenne,Dennis Joseph +21 more
TL;DR: The NCEP/NCAR 40-yr reanalysis uses a frozen state-of-the-art global data assimilation system and a database as complete as possible, except that the horizontal resolution is T62 (about 210 km) as discussed by the authors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Climate change 2001: the scientific basis
John Theodore Houghton,Y. Ding,David John Griggs,M. Noguer,P. J. van der Linden,X. Dai,K. Maskell,C. A. Johnson +7 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the climate system and its dynamics, including observed climate variability and change, the carbon cycle, atmospheric chemistry and greenhouse gases, and their direct and indirect effects.
Journal ArticleDOI
The NCEP–NCAR 50-Year Reanalysis: Monthly Means CD-ROM and Documentation
Robert Kistler,Eugenia Kalnay,William D. Collins,Suranjana Saha,Glenn H. White,John S. Woollen,Muthuvel Chelliah,Wesley Ebisuzaki,Masao Kanamitsu,Vernon E. Kousky,Huug van den Dool,Roy L. Jenne,M. Fiorino +12 more
TL;DR: The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) have cooperated in a project to produce a retroactive record of more than 50 years of global analyses of atmospheric fields in support of the needs of the research and climate monitoring communities as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
Maximum and Minimum Temperature Trends for the Globe
David R. Easterling,Briony Horton,Philip Jones,Thomas C. Peterson,Thomas R. Karl,D. E. Parker,M. James Salinger,Vyacheslav Razuvayev,Neil Plummer,Paul F. Jamason,Chris K. Folland +10 more
TL;DR: In this article, an analysis of the global mean surface air temperature has shown that its increase is due, at least in part, to differential changes in daily maximum and minimum temperatures, resulting in a narrowing of the diurnal temperature range.
A new look at maximum and minimum temperature trends for the globe
David R. Easterling,Briony Horton,Philip Jones,Thomas C. Peterson,Thomas R. Karl,D. E. Parker,M. J. Salinger,Vyacheslav Razuvayev,Neil Plummer,Paul F. Jamason,Chris K. Folland +10 more
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of changes in the diurnal temperature range (DTR) for many parts of the globe is presented, which includes data for an additional 15% of the global land area and an extension of the analysis period used in previous studies.
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