Implementation of PMSM Drive for a Solar Water Pumping System
TL;DR: This paper proposes the design and experimental investigation of fuzzy precompensated hybrid proportional-integral (PI) controller for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM)-driven standalone solar water pumping system and introduces a fuzzy logic controller, which processes the speed error.
Abstract: This paper proposes the design and experimental investigation of fuzzy precompensated hybrid proportional-integral (PI) controller for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM)-driven standalone solar water pumping system. A conventional PI controller usually has fixed gains, which makes them quite sensitive to the parameter variations. In order to improve its performance, both during dynamic and steady-state conditions, the presented controller introduces a fuzzy logic controller, which processes the speed error. The speed along with the processed output is inputted to the PI controller for speed control of PMSM. This topology uses a solar photovoltaic (PV) array to convert the solar power into electrical power. The energy obtained is utilized to rotate the PMSM using a 3- φ voltage-source inverter. The PMSM is coupled to a pump, which performs the water pumping. An intermediate stage dc–dc converter is utilized to maximize the power output using an incremental conductance algorithm. A PV feed-forward term is incorporated to provide an accelerated performance. This topology is modeled and its response is manifested through simulation studies using MATLAB/Simulink under different atmospheric conditions. A hardware validation of it is also carried out using a digital signal processor controller (dSPACE DS-1004) on a developed laboratory prototype.
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TL;DR: This work provides a comprehensive review of the major CMV mitigation/elimination solutions, with emphasis on preventive actions, in the form of inverter topology variants and/or advanced modulation techniques, and shows that best results are obtained by conveniently combining alternative topologies and modulation techniques.
Abstract: The demand for more reliable and efficient electric machines and drives is constantly growing in the renewable energy and transport electrification sectors. Such drive systems are usually fed by semiconductor switch-based inverters, which, unlike balanced pure sine-wave AC sources, produce large-amplitude, high-frequency common-mode voltage (CMV) waveforms, as a result of the application of pulse-width modulation (PWM). This can lead to a number of issues, such as high electromagnetic interference, deterioration of stator winding insulation, and leakage current flow through motor bearings, which dramatically reduce the life-cycle of machines and drives. Thus, this topic has been extensively investigated in the scientific literature, where either corrective or preventive mitigation approaches have been proposed. The former attempt to relieve the damage produced, whereas the latter tackle the problem at its root, by minimizing or eliminating the CMV produced by the inverter. This work provides a comprehensive review of the major CMV mitigation/elimination solutions, with emphasis on preventive actions, in the form of inverter topology variants and/or advanced modulation techniques. A wide picture of this subject is provided to researchers and field engineers, with valuable information and practical hints for the design and development of high-performance electric drive systems. Indeed, an in-depth analysis of the most recent literature clearly shows that best results are obtained by conveniently combining alternative topologies and modulation techniques, which, in some cases, make it possible to completely suppress the CMV component.
29 citations
TL;DR: A hybrid multi-resonant generalized integrator-frequency locked loop (HMRGI-FLL) control structure is presented in this paper to deal with the abnormalities in grid voltage and makes the SWP system operational even under weak grid condition.
Abstract: Owing to the intermittency issue associated with renewable energy sources, a solar photovoltaic (PV) array fed grid interfaced encoder-less permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) based solar water pumping (SWP) system is presented in this paper. The grid integration enables a continuous water flow regardless of available solar insolation. However, it has been observed that the grids in developing and underdeveloped countries are mostly weak. Moreover, as SWP systems are typically established at remote locations, which are generally the grid radial ends, therefore, prone to various grid abnormalities. Such abnormalities affect the SWP system performance. Therefore, a hybrid multi-resonant generalized integrator-frequency locked loop (HMRGI-FLL) control structure is presented in this paper to deal with the abnormalities in grid voltage and makes the SWP system operational even under weak grid condition. The proposed structure not only rejects the dc-offset but it also eliminates the dominant lower order harmonic with its selective harmonic elimination capability. A boost converter is used on the grid side to facilitate the power transfer from the grid. In condition of grid failure, the output water flow is regulated in accordance with available solar insolation. The speed of the PMSM is regulated using sensor-less vector control. Performance of the proposed system is experimentally validated using a laboratory prototype under varying solar insolation, during grid failure, during voltage sag, voltage swell, and distorted grid voltage conditions.
24 citations
Cites background from "Implementation of PMSM Drive for a ..."
...These machines offer the advantages of high efficiency, have high torque to weight ratio, provide fast dynamic response and have a smaller size and are best suited for SWP [1], [9]....
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...Water pumping is one of the potential areas utilizing large amount of fossil fuels and, therefore, the utilization of RES for this application would reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and the carbon foot print [1]....
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TL;DR: In this article , a hybrid whale optimization-P&O (WOPO) algorithm was proposed to extract the maximum possible power from photovoltaic (PV)-based water pumping system.
Abstract: Water pumping system (WPS) plays a key role in human civilization, including agriculture, drinking, and industrial usage. To decrease the load demand on grid and provide electrical supply to WPS in rural areas, a locally placed standalone photovoltaic (PV)-based WPS is one of the best feasible solutions. Among many motors, brushless direct current motors (BLDCs) are attractive for WPS due to many advantages. However, integrating batteries to WPS will increase the cost and required maintenance, which will not be affordable for farmers. Hence, PV-fed BLDC motor-based WPS without battery is considered and implemented sensorless speed controller with sliding mode controller (SMC) in this article. Generally, power generated by PV systems will be affected by partial shading condition (PSC) and unable to produce maximum availability power due to failure of the conventional perturbed and observe (P&O) algorithm. In order to overcome this condition, a whale optimization algorithm (WOA) has been integrated to the conventional P&O algorithm in this article. A hybrid whale optimization–P&O (WOPO) algorithm can effectively work to extract the maximum possible power from PV during both PSC and normal condition. The results are compared with genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and gray wolf optimization (GWO) for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) under PSC. In order to reduce the cost of system, the inverter is also working as an MPPT device for the PV system by integrating the WOPO algorithm with SMC of inverter. Hence, an extra dc–dc converter will not be required for MPPT. Extensive results are presented with OPAL-RT to validate the proposed system under both steady-state and transient conditions. In addition to this, dSPACE-based hardware results are also presented in this article to validate the proposed system.
24 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple and efficient off-grid solar photovoltaic (SPV) water pumping system (SPVWPS) is presented, which is based on a DC-DC boost converter, a three-phase DC-AC inverter, and a three phase induction motor coupled to the centrifugal pump.
Abstract: The main application of off-grid solar photovoltaic (SPV) systems is water extraction in rural areas where access to the grid is restricted. In this application, photovoltaic (PV) and pump system regulation are crucial to increase its overall efficiency. In this context, this work presents a simple and efficient off-grid SPV water pumping system (SPVWPS). The designed system is based on a DC-DC boost converter, a three-phase DC-AC inverter, and a three-phase induction motor (IM) coupled to the centrifugal pump. The proposed solution is operated using a control strategy that associates an improved fractional open-circuit voltage (FOCV) method for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and closed-loop scalar control. This association avoids the use of a speed sensor/encoder and a current sensor for the IM. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed off-grid SPVWPS and its control system for both steady-state and dynamic conditions of insolation change is verified using a 1KVA rated prototype. The relevance of the drive is also checked in various operating conditions and is found to be adequate for pumping water. Moreover, the proposed method guarantees a fast response, less oscillations around the MPP, a system efficiency of 99%, and a high flow rate due to the extraction of maximum power.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new quadratic V/f control method was introduced to drive an induction motor powered directly from a solar PV source using a two-stage power converter without storage batteries.
Abstract: In rural and remote areas, solar photovoltaic energy (PV) water pumping systems (SPWPSs) are being favored over diesel-powered water pumping due to environmental and economic considerations. PV is a clean source of electric energy offering low operational and maintenance cost. However, the direct-coupled SPWPS requires inventive solutions to improve the system’s efficiency under solar power variations while producing the required amount of pumped water concurrently. This paper introduces a new quadratic V/f (Q V/f) control method to drive an induction motor powered directly from a solar PV source using a two-stage power converter without storage batteries. Conventional controllers usually employ linear V/f control, where the reference motor speed is derived from the PV input power and the dc-link voltage error using a simple proportional–integral (PI) controller. The proposed Q V/f-based system is compared with the conventional linear V/f control using a simulation case study under different operating conditions. The proposed controller expectedly enhances the system output power and efficiency, particularly under low levels of solar irradiance. Some alternative controllers rather than the simple PI controller are also investigated in an attempt to improve the system dynamics as well as the water flow output. An experimental prototype system is used to validate the proposed Q V/f under diverse operating conditions.
15 citations
Cites background from "Implementation of PMSM Drive for a ..."
...In the solar PV water pumping system (SPWPS), various types of motors can be used to drive the water pump such as permanent magnet [7], induction motors [8], and synchronous reluctance motors [9]....
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, a silicon heterojunction with interdigitated back contacts was presented, achieving an efficiency of 26.3% and a detailed loss analysis to guide further developments.
Abstract: The efficiency of silicon solar cells has a large influence on the cost of most photovoltaics panels. Here, researchers from Kaneka present a silicon heterojunction with interdigitated back contacts reaching an efficiency of 26.3% and provide a detailed loss analysis to guide further developments.
2,052 citations
"Implementation of PMSM Drive for a ..." refers background in this paper
...Nowadays, reducing the installation cost of solar photovoltaic (PV) generation system has significantly increased its popularity and encouraged its utilization for numerous applications [1], [2]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive review of the MPPT techniques applied to photovoltaic (PV) power system available until January, 2012 is provided, which is intended to serve as a convenient reference for future MPPT users in PV systems. But, confusion lies while selecting a MPPT as every technique has its own merits and demerits.
Abstract: This paper provides a comprehensive review of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques applied to photovoltaic (PV) power system available until January, 2012. A good number of publications report on different MPPT techniques for a PV system together with implementation. But, confusion lies while selecting a MPPT as every technique has its own merits and demerits. Hence, a proper review of these techniques is essential. Unfortunately, very few attempts have been made in this regard, excepting two latest reviews on MPPT [Salas, 2006], [Esram and Chapman, 2007]. Since, MPPT is an essential part of a PV system, extensive research has been revealed in recent years in this field and many new techniques have been reported to the list since then. In this paper, a detailed description and then classification of the MPPT techniques have made based on features, such as number of control variables involved, types of control strategies employed, types of circuitry used suitably for PV system and practical/commercial applications. This paper is intended to serve as a convenient reference for future MPPT users in PV systems.
1,584 citations
"Implementation of PMSM Drive for a ..." refers background in this paper
...have also been presented, which possess excellent tracking efficiency even at the time of partial shading [20]....
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Book•
25 Sep 2009TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a real-time model of a two-phase PMSM transformation to rotor reference frames, where the PMSMs are used to estimate the position of the rotors.
Abstract: PART I: Introduction to Permanent Magnets and Machines and Converters and Control Chapter 1 Permanent Magnets and Machines Permanent Magnets Arrangement of PMs Magnetization of PMs PM ac Machines Fundamentals of Synchronous Machines Fundamental Synchronous Machine Relationships Core Losses Resistive Losses Initial Machine Design Cogging Torque Basic Types of PMSMs Based on Flux Paths Vibration and Noise Chapter 2 Introduction to Inverters and Their Control Power Device DC Input Source DC to ac Power Conversion Real Power Reactive Power Need for Inverter Control Pulse Width Modulation Hysteresis Current Control Space Vector Modulation Inverter Switching Delay Input Power Factor Correction Circuit Four-Quadrant Operation Converter Requirements PART II: Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines and Their Control Chapter 3 Dynamic Modeling of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines Real-Time Model of a Two-Phase PMSM Transformation to Rotor Reference Frames Three-Phase to Two-Phase Transformation Zero Sequence Inductance Derivation Power Equivalence Electromagnetic Torque Steady-State Torque Characteristics Models in Flux Linkages Equivalent Circuits Per Unit Model Dynamic Simulation Small-Signal Equations of the PMSM Evaluation of Control Characteristics of the PMSM Computation of Time Responses Space Phasor Model Chapter 4 Control Strategies for a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Vector Control Derivation of Vector Control Drive System Schematic Control Strategies Chapter 5 Flux-Weakening Operation Maximum Speed Flux-Weakening Algorithm Direct Flux Weakening Parameter Sensitivity Model-Free (Parameter-Insensitive) Flux-Weakening Method Six-Step Voltage and Constant Back EMF Control Strategies for PMSM Direct Steady-State Evaluation Flux Weakening in SMPM and IPM Synchronous Machines Chapter 6 Design of Current and Speed Controllers Current Controller Speed Controller Chapter 7 Parameter Sensitivity and Compensation Introduction Parameter Compensation through Air Gap Power Feedback Control Parameter Compensation by Reactive Power Feedback Control Chapter 8 Rotor Position Estimation and Position Sensorless Control Current Model Adaptive Scheme Sensing by External Signal Injection Current Model-Based Injection Scheme Position Estimation Using PWM Carrier Components PART III: Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Machines and Their Control Chapter 9 PM Brushless DC Machine Modeling of PM Brushless DC Motor Normalized System Equations The PMBDCM Drive Scheme Dynamic Simulation Chapter 10 Commutation Torque Ripple and Phase Advancing Commutation Torque Ripple Phase Advancing Dynamic Modeling Chapter 11 Half-Wave PMBDCM Drives Split Supply Converter Topology C-Dump Topology Variable DC Link Converter Topology Variable Voltage Converter Topology with Buck-Boost Front-End Chapter 12 Design of Current and Speed Controllers Transfer Function of Machine and Load Inverter Transfer Function Transfer Functions of Current and Speed Controllers Current Feedback Speed Feedback Design of Controllers Chapter 13 Sensorless Control of PMBDCM Drive Current Sensing Position Estimation Chapter 14 Special Issues Torque Smoothing Parameter Sensitivity of the PMBDCM Drive Faults and Their Diagnosis Vibration and Noise
847 citations
"Implementation of PMSM Drive for a ..." refers methods in this paper
...Vector control and direct torque control (DTC) are the two mainly utilized techniques for speed control of PMSM [11]....
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TL;DR: The application of vector control to the PMSM (permanent-magnet synchronous motor) is described, and complete modeling, simulation, and analysis of the drive system are presented.
Abstract: The application of vector control to the PMSM (permanent-magnet synchronous motor) is described, and complete modeling, simulation, and analysis of the drive system are presented. State-space models of the motor and speed controller and real-time models of the inverter switches and vector controller are included. Performance differences due to the use of pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) and hysteresis current controllers are also examined. Particular attention is paid to the motor torque pulsations and speed response. Some experimental verification of the drive performance is also given. >
804 citations
"Implementation of PMSM Drive for a ..." refers background in this paper
...Vector control provides a better speed response by splitting the stator currents into direct axis and quadrature axis components and controlling them separately as field and armature current, respectively, as in the case of a dc motor [13]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a supertwisting algorithm based second-order slidingmode observer (STA-SMO) with online stator resistance estimation for sensorless control of a nonsalient permanent magnet synchronous machine is proposed.
Abstract: In this paper, a supertwisting algorithm based second-order sliding-mode observer (STA-SMO) with online stator resistance ( $ R_{s}$ ) estimation for sensorless control of a nonsalient permanent magnet synchronous machine is proposed. A stator current observer is designed based on an STA to estimate the back electromotive force. A discontinuous sign function in the conventional SMO is replaced by a supertwisting function. The chattering problem, unavoidable in conventional SMO, is eliminated by reducing the amplitude of switching function of an STA-SMO. Meanwhile, a parallel online $ R_{s}$ estimation scheme is presented based on a modified SMO. Because mismatch between actual and set resistance may lead to estimation error and even system instability. The Lyapunov stability theorem is used to obtain the stable conditions of the proposed online $ R_{s}$ observer at both motoring and generating mode. With the help of online $ R_{s}$ observer, resistance uncertainties caused by temperature variation can be taken into account, which means robustness and stability of an STA-SMO can be improved. At the same time, higher position and speed estimation accuracy is obtained and operation range of sensorless control is extended. Finally, the proposed method is validated and compared with a conventional method by simulations and experiments.
198 citations
"Implementation of PMSM Drive for a ..." refers background in this paper
...In order to overcome these issues, nonlinear control techniques based on sliding mode control [14], artificial intelligent control [15], [16], robust control [17], adaptive control [18], backstepping control [19], and many others have been presented in the existing literature....
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