Implicit measures: A normative analysis and review.
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Cites background from "Implicit measures: A normative anal..."
...The IAT is the most widely known implicit measure but also the most controversial.(52,61) A final limitation was the narrowness in measurement of implicit bias....
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Cites background or methods from "Implicit measures: A normative anal..."
...As with any implicit assessment method, it is important to state the specific nature of the implicit process attributed to measurement outcomes (De Houwer et al. 2009)....
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...De Houwer, Moors, and colleagues (De Houwer et al. 2009, Moors & De Houwer 2006) have listed a variety of ways in which processes may be classified as implicit or automatic, emphasizing such qualities as goal independence, absence of intentionality, uncontrollability, lack of awareness of one…...
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References
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"Implicit measures: A normative anal..." refers methods in this paper
...Following the recommendations of Cronbach and Meehl (1955), researchers developed theories (so-called nomological networks) about whether a particular target attribute (e.g., intelligence) should or should not be related to other attributes (e.g., general knowledge)....
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9,731 citations
"Implicit measures: A normative anal..." refers background or methods or result in this paper
...In the second part of this article, we perform this exercise with regard to the two types of implicit measures that are currently most popular: effects in implicit association tests (IATs; Greenwald et al., 1998) and affective priming tasks (Fazio et al., 1995)....
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...In the second part of this article, we perform this exercise with regard to the two types of implicit measures that are currently most popular: effects in implicit association tests (IATs; Greenwald et al., 1998) and affective priming tasks (Fazio et al....
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...In line with the hypothesis that IAT effects can register attitudes, Greenwald et al. (1998) showed that an IAT designed to measure the attitudes toward flowers and insects indeed revealed more positive attitudes toward flowers than toward insects....
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...In their seminal paper, Greenwald et al. (1998) argued that IAT effects (i.e., the difference in performance on the two tasks of an IAT procedure) reflect associations between concepts (hence the name Implicit Association Test)....
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...In an unpublished study, De Houwer (2000) added two categories (numbers and nonwords) to a standard flower–insect IAT (see Greenwald et al., 1998)....
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7,586 citations
"Implicit measures: A normative anal..." refers background in this paper
...The first account of affective (and other) priming effects was formulated in terms of activation spreading through a semantic network (Collins & Loftus, 1975; Collins & Quillian, 1969)....
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...The relative contributions of these processes and the variables determining their impact have hardly been studied (see Conrey et al., 2005, and Klauer et al., 2007, for exceptions). With regard to the implicitness criterion, much of the work still needs to be done. This is a surprising conclusion, given that implicitness is exactly the feature that is supposed to set apart implicit measures from other measures. The normative analysis can guide not only future research on IAT and affective priming effects but research on other implicit measures that have already been proposed or that will be proposed in the future. It would lead us too far afield to discuss the implications of the normative analysis separately for each implicit measure that is currently available. We will discuss only one of these measures, namely, scores on the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT; Morgan & Murray, 1935). The TAT is a projective test in which participants are asked to describe pictures of socially ambiguous scenes. On the basis of the content of their responses, scores can be derived that are assumed to reveal implicit motives, such as the need for achievement (e.g., McClelland, Koestner, & Weinberger, 1989). We choose this test because it differs substantially from the IAT and the affective priming task and because it was developed long before the term implicit measure was introduced. As such, it allows us to illustrate the width of application of our normative analysis. From the perspective of the normative analysis, most of the research on the TAT has been directed at verifying the what criterion but little or no research has looked at the how and implicitness criteria. Most TAT studies were correlational in nature and were aimed at assessing whether TAT scores indeed reflect implicit motives (see Lilienfeld, Wood, & Garb, 2000, and McClelland et al., 1989, for opposing views). Very little attention has been given to verifying the how criterion (i.e., to examining the causal nature of the processes by which implicit motives influence the stories that participants produce in response to TAT pictures). The only exception of which we are aware is the work of Tuerlinckx, De Boeck, and Lens (2002), who formulated and tested three simple theories about the processes underlying responses during the TAT....
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5,682 citations
"Implicit measures: A normative anal..." refers background in this paper
...Whereas some refer to a certain aspect of awareness (e.g., Greenwald & Banaji, 1995), others emphasize the lack of control (i.e., the lack of an impact of goals relating to the process; e.g., Fazio & Olson, 2003)....
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...Although the term implicit is often seen as being virtually synonymous with the term unaware (e.g., Greenwald & Banaji, 1995), it is rarely made explicit what it means to say that a measure is unaware....
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5,172 citations
"Implicit measures: A normative anal..." refers background in this paper
...De Houwer (2001, 2003b) pointed out that there are structural similarities between stimulus– response compatibility tasks, such as the well-known Stroop task (see MacLeod, 1991, for a review) and the IAT task....
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