Improved Ammonia Sensing by Solution Processed Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid Doped Polyaniline Nanorod Networks
19 Sep 2019-IEEE Access (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE))-Vol. 7, pp 139571-139579
TL;DR: XRD patterns, UV-Visible Spectroscopy, and FTIR analysis confirm the formation of PANI and PANI-DBSA, whereas FESEM images revealed their elongated rod shaped morphology.
Abstract: Dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid (DBSA) doped polyaniline (PANI) nanorods have been synthesized by a templateless route via in-situ emulsion polymerization of aniline in aqueous DBSA solution. XRD patterns, UV-Visible Spectroscopy, and FTIR analysis confirm the formation of PANI and PANI-DBSA, whereas FESEM images revealed their elongated rod shaped morphology. The chloroform dispersion of synthesized PANI-DBSA was spin coated over prefabricated interdigitated Pt patterned glass substrate to realize porous gas sensing active layer. The sensor displays good response in 1–1200 ppm ammonia concentration range and can repeatedly detect 300 ppm of ammonia with response time of 6 s, recovery time of 37 s and relative response value of 9.57. Besides, its response was found to be linear for 1–50 ppm ammonia concentration with relative response per ppm value of 0.01675.
Citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, an ammonia sensor based on PANI coated BC nanofiber with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) and poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acids (PAMPS) made by an in situ chemical oxidation polymerization route is presented.
Abstract: Polymer sulfonic acid doped polyaniline (PANI) can improve the response to ammonia. An ammonia sensor (BC/PANI-DBSA/PAMPS) with ultrafast, selective and sensitive detecting capability based on bacterial cellulose (BC) film with a three-dimensional nano-network structure is reported. The sensor consists of PANI coated BC nanofiber co-doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) and poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid) (PAMPS), made by an in situ chemical oxidation polymerization route. The sensing response of the DBSA and PAMPS co-doping PANI composite in the range of 10−150 ppm ammonia vapor was greatly enhanced compared to sole doped composite, and showed high sensing selectivity towards ammonia, with a low detection limit of 200 ppb at room temperature. More importantly, the sensor display an excellent response (S = 6.1) and rapid response/recovery time (10.2 s/8.6 s) toward 100 ppm ammonia, and still showed excellent sensing capability after up to 60 days. Taken together, this work provides a facile and green approach to fabricate macroscale materials with ultra-fine nanoscale architecture for fast and sensitive gas detection.
26 citations
22 Mar 2021
TL;DR: In this article, the properties of polyaniline (PANI), aim gas, and the interaction between them in PANI-based gas sensors were analyzed using direct calculations with molecular dynamics simulations.
Abstract: To understand the properties of polyaniline (PANI), aim gas, and the interaction between them in PANI-based gas sensors and help us to design sensors with better properties, direct calculations with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were done in this work. Polyamide 6/polyaniline (PA6/PANI) nanofiber ammonia gas sensors were studied as an example here, and the structural, morphological, and ammonia sensing properties (to 50-250 ppm ammonia) of PA6/PANI nanofibers were tested and evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and a homemade test system. The PA6/PANI nanofibers were prepared by in situ polymerization of aniline with electrospun PA6 nanofibers as templates and hydrochloric acid (HCl) as a doping agent for PANI, and the sensors show rapid response, ideal selectivity, and acceptable repeatability. Then, complementary molecular dynamics simulations were performed to understand how ammonia molecules interact with HCl-doped PANI chains, thus providing insights into the molecular-level details of the ammonia sensing performances of this system. Results of the radial distribution functions and mean square displacement analysis of the MD simulations were consistent with the dedoping mechanism of the PANI chains.
22 citations
15 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report results of the studies relating to the fabrication of a paper-based humidity sensing element comprising a nanostructured polyaniline (PANI) coating on a filter paper substrate.
Abstract: We report results of the studies relating to the fabrication of a paper-based humidity sensing element comprising a nanostructured polyaniline (PANI) coating on a filter paper substrate. The electrical conductivity of the PANI integrated conductive paper increases from $1.9\times 10^{-6}$ Scm−1 to $1.1\times 10^{-1}$ Scm−1 on modification of the polymerization protocol. This increase in conductivity is ascribed to the change in morphology of the PANI coating from nanogranular ( $\text{N}_{\text{g}}$ ) to partially nanofibrous (pNf). We investigate the effect of observed morphologies of PANI-paper composites on their resistive-type humidity sensing performances. The partially nanofibrous (pNf) PANI-paper exhibits a bimodal humidity response due to polymer-swelling effect at higher humidity (≥ 55% RH). However, the nanogranular ( $\text{N}_{\text{g}}$ ) PANI-paper yields a unimodal, linear humidity response within the humidity range, 16–96.2% RH, with a sensitivity of 9.79 $\text{k}\Omega $ /% RH ( ${R}^{2}~\approx 0.996$ ). Hence, the $\text{N}_{\text{g}}$ PANI-paper is a promising alternative to the conventional humidity sensors fabricated on ITO glass/bare glass/PET substrates.
11 citations
Cites background from "Improved Ammonia Sensing by Solutio..."
...This behaviour of the Ng PANI coating is substantiated by previous works on PANI-based ammonia gas sensors including PANI-DBSA nanorods [62] and PANI-rGO nanocomposite films [63]....
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TL;DR: A novel method to synthesize conductive polyaniline doped with dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) (PANDB) in xylene by using chemical oxidative polymerization at 25 °C showed that the more needle-like shapes in resulted PANDB, the higher the conductivity.
Abstract: A novel method was conducted to synthesize conductive polyaniline (PANI) doped with dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) (PANDB) in xylene by using chemical oxidative polymerization at 25 °C. Meanwhile, the synthesis process was photographed. Results showed as the reaction time was increased, and the color of the product was gradually turned into dark green. The influence of different synthesis time on properties of synthesized PANDB was then examined by a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-vis), a four-point measurement method, and a Field-emittance scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The result indicated that the optimum reaction time was 24 h with conductivity at around 2.03 S/cm. FE-SEM images and the conductivity testing showed that the more needle-like shapes in resulted PANDB, the higher the conductivity. The synthesized PANDB solution was blended with UV curable coating firstly and then coated on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheet. The UV coating/PANDB conductive composite films displayed an impressive translucency along with an adequate flexibility at room temperature. The UV coating/PANDB conductive composite film on PET sheet was flexible, transparent, and with antistatic function.
7 citations
Additional excerpts
...Thus, the PANDB-based materials have appropriate applications such as antistatic materials [9–13], electrostatic discharge, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials, anticorrosion coatings [14–16], batteries [17], sensors [18], etc....
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, a survey of sensors and sensor systems for gaseous ammonia is presented, where the authors present different application areas for ammonia sensors or measurement systems and different techniques available for making selective ammonia sensing devices.
Abstract: Many scientific papers have been written concerning gas sensors for different sensor applications using several sensing principles. This review focuses on sensors and sensor systems for gaseous ammonia. Apart from its natural origin, there are many sources of ammonia, like the chemical industry or intensive life-stock. The survey that we present here treats different application areas for ammonia sensors or measurement systems and different techniques available for making selective ammonia sensing devices. When very low concentrations are to be measured, e.g. less than 2 ppb for environmental monitoring and 50 ppb for diagnostic breath analysis, solid-state ammonia sensors are not sensitive enough. In addition, they lack the required selectivity to other gasses that are often available in much higher concentrations. Optical methods that make use of lasers are often expensive and large. Indirect measurement principles have been described in literature that seems very suited as ammonia sensing devices. Such systems are suited for miniaturization and integration to make them suitable for measuring in the small gas volumes that are normally available in medical applications like diagnostic breath analysis equipment.
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TL;DR: In this article, a review of gas sensors fabricated by using conducting polymers such as polyaniline (PAni), polypyrrole (PPy) and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as the active layers has been reviewed.
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1,333 citations
"Improved Ammonia Sensing by Solutio..." refers background in this paper
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1,266 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a new interfacial polymerization method for the synthesis of polyaniline nanofibers was used and compared with conventional polyanile sensors, and five different response mechanisms were explored: acid doping (HCl), base dedoping (NH3), reduction (with N2H4), swelling (with CHCl3), and polymer chain conformational changes (induced by CH3OH).
Abstract: Using a new interfacial polymerization method for the synthesis of polyaniline nanofibers, we have developed nanofiber sensors and compared them to conventional polyaniline sensors. Five different response mechanisms are explored: acid doping (HCl), base dedoping (NH3), reduction (with N2H4), swelling (with CHCl3), and polymer chain conformational changes (induced by CH3OH). In all cases, the polyaniline nanofibers perform better than conventional thin films. Their high surface area, porosity and small diameters enhance diffusion of molecules and dopants into the nanofibers.
1,041 citations
"Improved Ammonia Sensing by Solutio..." refers background in this paper
...In this context, conducting polymers (CPs) present an attractive material option due to distinguished advantages such as low cost, ease in synthesis, environmental stability, solution processability, and tunable conductivity [28]–[32]....
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TL;DR: The development of carbon nanotube based sensors is still in its infancy, but continued progress may lead to their integration into commercially viable sensors of unrivalled sensitivity and vanishingly small dimensions.
Abstract: Carbon nanotubes have aroused great interest since their discovery in 1991. Because of the vast potential of these materials, researchers from diverse disciplines have come together to further develop our understanding of the fundamental properties governing their electronic structure and susceptibility towards chemical reaction. Carbon nanotubes show extreme sensitivity towards changes in their local chemical environment that stems from the susceptibility of their electronic structure to interacting molecules. This chemical sensitivity has made them ideal candidates for incorporation into the design of chemical sensors. Towards this end, carbon nanotubes have made impressive strides in sensitivity and chemical selectivity to a diverse array of chemical species. Despite the lengthy list of accomplishments, several key challenges must be addressed before carbon nanotubes are capable of competing with state-of-the-art solid-state sensor materials. The development of carbon nanotube based sensors is still in its infancy, but continued progress may lead to their integration into commercially viable sensors of unrivalled sensitivity and vanishingly small dimensions.
776 citations
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