Improved model calculation of atmospheric CO 2 increment in affecting carbon stock of tropical mangrove forest
TL;DR: In this article, the relative changes in present level of reservoirs organic carbon contents in response to the future increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide were examined in the Avicennia-dominated mangrove forest at the land-ocean boundary of the northeast coast of the Bay of Bengal.
Abstract: Because of the difficulties in setting up arrangements in the intertidal zone for free-air carbon dioxide enrichment experimentation, the responses to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide in mangrove forests are poorly studied. This study applied box model to overcome this limitation, and the relative changes in present level of reservoirs organic carbon contents in response to the future increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide were examined in the Avicennia- dominated mangrove forest at the land–ocean boundary of the northeast coast of the Bay of Bengal. The above- and below-ground biomass (AGB+BGB) and sediment held different carbon stock (53.20±2.87Mg C ha −1 (mega gram carbon per hectare) versus 18.52±2.77Mg C ha −1 ). Carbon uptake (0.348mg C m −2 s −1 ) is more than offset by losses from plant emission (0.257mg C m −2 s −1 ), and litter fall (13.52µg C m −2 s −1 ) was more than soil CO 2 and CH 4 emission (8.36 and 1.39µg C m −2 s −1 , respectively). Across inventory plots, Sundarban mangrove forest carbon storage in above- and below-ground live trees and soil increased by 18.89 and 5.94Mg C ha −1 between June 2009 and December 2011. Box model well predicted the dynamics of above- and below-ground biomass and soil organic carbon, and increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations could be the cause of 1.1- and 1.57-fold increases in carbon storage in live biomass and soil, respectively, across Sundarban mangrove forest rather than recovery from past disturbances. Keywords: carbon stock, CO 2 sensitivity, box model, mangrove forest, India (Published: 23 April 2013) Citation: Tellus B 2013, 65 , 18981, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.18981
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TL;DR: The proposed hybrid valuation method aggregates biophysical and economic estimates of ESs and addresses methodological biases existing in the valuation process and can be generalized and applied to other ecosystems at different scales.
97 citations
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...Additionally, the mangrove ecosystem is highly effective infixing (15–46×1012mol yr−1) and storing (3×1014mol yr−1) carbon (Alongi, 2009;Alongi, 2012), while the Sundarban mangrove ecosystem alone sequesters nearly 25 × 1010 mol yr−1 of atmospheric CO2 (Ray et al., 2013; Ray et al., 2014)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a box model approach to assess the nitrogen budget in the Sundarban mangrove ecosystem, which acts as a sink for atmospheric nitrogen in terms of NOx, NH3, N2, and water column dissolved inorganic nitrogen.
56 citations
TL;DR: Results revealed that mangrove plant derived organic matter and its subsequent degradation is the primary source of DIC and DOC in the Hooghly estuary whereas POC is linked to soil erosion.
54 citations
TL;DR: Sediment-stable isotope analyses suggest that the trapping of organic matter from upstream rivers or adjacent waters contributed more to the mangrove carbon sinks than the actual production of theMangrove trees.
Abstract: Mangroves are recognized as one of the richest carbon storage systems. However, the factors regulating carbon sinks in mangrove ecosystems are still unclear, particularly in the subtropical mangroves. The biomass, production, litterfall, detrital export and decomposition of the dominant mangrove vegetation in subtropical (Kandelia obovata) and tropical (Avicennia marina) Taiwan were quantified from October 2011 to July 2014 to construct the carbon budgets. Despite the different tree species, a principal component analysis revealed the site or environmental conditions had a greater influence than the tree species on the carbon processes. For both species, the net production (NP) rates ranged from 10.86 to 27.64 Mg C ha-1 year-1 and were higher than the global average rate due to the high tree density. While most of the litterfall remained on the ground, a high percentage (72%-91%) of the ground litter decomposed within 1 year and fluxed out of the mangroves. However, human activities might cause a carbon flux into the mangroves and a lower NP rate. The rates of the organic carbon export and soil heterotrophic respiration were greater than the global mean values and those at other locations. Only a small percentage (3%-12%) of the NP was stored in the sediment. The carbon burial rates were much lower than the global average rate due to their faster decomposition, indicating that decomposition played a critical role in determining the burial rate in the sediment. The summation of the organic and inorganic carbon fluxes and soil heterotrophic respiration well exceeded the amount of litter decomposition, indicating an additional source of organic carbon that was unaccounted for by decomposition in the sediment. Sediment-stable isotope analyses further suggest that the trapping of organic matter from upstream rivers or adjacent waters contributed more to the mangrove carbon sinks than the actual production of the mangrove trees.
52 citations
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...Ray et al. (2013) constructed the carbon budget for the Indian Sundarbans mangroves and found only a small percentage (0.18...
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...The carbon budget (Ray et al., 2013) showed a significant part (16...
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TL;DR: The sources and distribution of dissolved organic carbon, particulate organic carbon (POC), and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the Indian Sundarbans mangrove and Hooghly estuarine system were examined during the pre-monsoon (summer) 2014.
Abstract: The sources and distribution of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the Indian Sundarbans mangrove and Hooghly estuarine system were examined during the pre-monsoon (summer) 2014. DOC is the dominant form of organic matter (OM) in the studied estuarine waters and represents a mixture of mangrove and riverine sources. Microbial degradation of land derived OM results in a high pCO 2 in the Hooghly estuarine waters while enrichment in δ 13 C-DIC ascribes to CO 2 uptake by phytoplankton in the Sundarbans water. Higher δ 15 N in the particulate organic nitrogen (PON) of the mangrove and marine zone could be associated with enhanced phytoplankton production sustained by nitrate from mangrove derived OM decomposition and/or nitrate imported from the Bay of Bengal. Low organic carbon contents and elemental ratios (TN/TOC) indicate an intense mineralization and transformation of OM in the sediments, resulting insignificantly different OM compositions compared to those of the three major sources: land derived OM, mangrove leaf litter ( Avicennia marina ) and in situ phytoplankton production.
48 citations
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31 Mar 1980
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on one major aspect of cloud microphysics, which involves the processes that lead to the formation of individual cloud and precipitation particles, and provide an account of the major characteristics of atmospheric aerosol particles.
Abstract: Cloud physics has achieved such a voluminous literature over the past few decades that a significant quantitative study of the entire field would prove unwieldy. This book concentrates on one major aspect: cloud microphysics, which involves the processes that lead to the formation of individual cloud and precipitation particles. Common practice has shown that one may distinguish among the following additional major aspects: cloud dynamics, which is concerned with the physics responsible for the macroscopic features of clouds; cloud electricity, which deals with the electrical structure of clouds and the electrification processes of cloud and precipitation particles; and cloud optics and radar meteorology, which describe the effects of electromagnetic waves interacting with clouds and precipitation. Another field intimately related to cloud physics is atmospheric chemistry, which involves the chemical composition of the atmosphere and the life cycle and characteristics of its gaseous and particulate constituents. In view of the natural interdependence of the various aspects of cloud physics, the subject of microphysics cannot be discussed very meaningfully out of context. Therefore, we have found it necessary to touch briefly upon a few simple and basic concepts of cloud dynamics and thermodynamics, and to provide an account of the major characteristics of atmospheric aerosol particles. We have also included a separate chapter on some of the effects of electric fields and charges on the precipitation-forming processes.
5,427 citations
"Improved model calculation of atmos..." refers methods in this paper
...Considering the stability classes of Pasquill: A F (Pruppacher and Klett, 1997), the scale length, L, was evaluated using the following: 1=L ¼ aþ b log Z0; (5) where ‘a’ ranges between 0.035 and 0.096 and ‘b’ ranges between 0.029 and 0.036 (Golder, 1972)....
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...Considering the stability classes of Pasquill: A F (Pruppacher and Klett, 1997), the scale length, L, was evaluated using the following:...
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TL;DR: In this article, the status and distribution of global mangroves using recently available Global Land Survey (GLS) data and the Landsat archive was mapped using hybrid supervised and unsupervised digital image classification techniques.
Abstract: Aim Our scientific understanding of the extent and distribution of mangrove forests of the world is inadequate. The available global mangrove databases, compiled using disparate geospatial data sources and national statistics, need to be improved.Here,we mapped the status and distributions of global mangroves using recently available Global Land Survey (GLS) data and the Landsat archive. Methods We interpreted approximately 1000 Landsat scenes using hybrid supervised and unsupervised digital image classification techniques. Each image was normalized for variation in solar angle and earth‐sun distance by converting the digital number values to the top-of-the-atmosphere reflectance. Ground truth data and existing maps and databases were used to select training samples and also for iterative labelling. Results were validated using existing GIS data and the published literature to map ‘true mangroves’. Results The total area of mangroves in the year 2000 was 137,760 km 2 in 118 countries and territories in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Approximately 75% of world’s mangroves are found in just 15 countries, and only 6.9% are protected under the existing protected areas network (IUCN I-IV). Our study confirms earlier findings that the biogeographic distribution of mangroves is generallyconfinedtothetropicalandsubtropicalregionsandthelargestpercentage of mangroves is found between 5° N and 5° S latitude. Main conclusions We report that the remaining area of mangrove forest in the world is less than previously thought. Our estimate is 12.3% smaller than the most recent estimate by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.We present the most comprehensive, globally consistent and highest resolution (30 m) global mangrove database ever created.We developed and used better mapping techniques and data sources and mapped mangroves with better spatial and thematic details than previous studies.
2,261 citations
"Improved model calculation of atmos..." refers background in this paper
...Although mangroves account for only 0.7% of the tropical forest area (Giri et al., 2011), their influence on the global C cycle is disproportionate to spatial extent with large C pools and strong C sinks (Chmura et al., 2003)....
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...7% of the tropical forest area (Giri et al., 2011), their influence on the global C cycle is disproportionate to spatial extent with large C pools and strong C sinks (Chmura et al....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors quantified whole-ecosystem carbon storage by measuring tree and dead wood biomass, soil carbon content, and soil depth in 25 mangrove forests across a broad area of the Indo-Pacific region.
Abstract: Mangrove forests occur along ocean coastlines throughout the tropics, and support numerous ecosystem services, including fisheries production and nutrient cycling. However, the areal extent of mangrove forests has declined by 30-50% over the past half century as a result of coastal development, aquaculture expansion and over-harvesting1, 2, 3, 4. Carbon emissions resulting from mangrove loss are uncertain, owing in part to a lack of broad-scale data on the amount of carbon stored in these ecosystems, particularly below ground5. Here, we quantified whole-ecosystem carbon storage by measuring tree and dead wood biomass, soil carbon content, and soil depth in 25 mangrove forests across a broad area of the Indo-Pacific region—spanning 30° of latitude and 73° of longitude—where mangrove area and diversity are greatest4, 6. These data indicate that mangroves are among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics, containing on average 1,023 Mg carbon per hectare.
2,029 citations
"Improved model calculation of atmos..." refers background in this paper
...…found applicable to selected temperate and tropical forests (Masera et al., 2003) and the approach for modeling carbon sequestration in the mangrove forests among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics could be different from Boreal, Temperate and Tropical upland forests (Donato et al., 2011)....
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...It is one of the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics and contains about 2.5-fold greater carbon storage (on average 1023Mg carbon per hectare) relative to Boreal, Temperate and Tropical upland forests (Donato et al., 2011)....
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..., 2003) and the approach for modeling carbon sequestration in the mangrove forests among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics could be different from Boreal, Temperate and Tropical upland forests (Donato et al., 2011)....
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...5-fold greater carbon storage (on average 1023Mg carbon per hectare) relative to Boreal, Temperate and Tropical upland forests (Donato et al., 2011)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the possible responses of ecosystem processes to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate change are illustrated using six dynamic global vegetation models that explicitly represent the interactions of ecosystem carbon and water exchanges with vegetation dynamics.
Abstract: The possible responses of ecosystem processes to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate change are illustrated using six dynamic global vegetation models that explicitly represent the interactions of ecosystem carbon and water exchanges with vegetation dynamics. The models are driven by the IPCC IS92a scenario of rising CO2 (Wigley et al. 1991), and by climate changes resulting from effective CO2 concentrations corresponding to IS92a, simulated by the coupled ocean atmosphere model HadCM2-SUL. Simulations with changing CO2 alone show a widely distributed terrestrial carbon sink of 1.4‐3.8 Pg C y ‐1 during the 1990s, rising to 3.7‐8.6 Pg C y ‐1 a century later. Simulations including climate change show a reduced sink both today (0.6‐ 3.0 Pg C y ‐1 ) and a century later (0.3‐6.6 Pg C y ‐1 ) as a result of the impacts of climate change on NEP of tropical and southern hemisphere ecosystems. In all models, the rate of increase of NEP begins to level off around 2030 as a consequence of the ‘diminishing return’ of physiological CO2 effects at high CO2 concentrations. Four out of the six models show a further, climate-induced decline in NEP resulting from increased heterotrophic respiration and declining tropical NPP after 2050. Changes in vegetation structure influence the magnitude and spatial pattern of the carbon sink and, in combination with changing climate, also freshwater availability (runoff). It is shown that these changes, once set in motion, would continue to evolve for at least a century even if atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate could be instantaneously stabilized. The results should be considered illustrative in the sense that the choice of CO2 concentration scenario was arbitrary and only one climate model scenario was used. However, the results serve to indicate a range of possible biospheric responses to CO2 and climate change. They reveal major uncertainties about the response of NEP to climate
1,982 citations
"Improved model calculation of atmos..." refers background in this paper
...Increasing uptake by the biosphere in response to the fossil-fuel driven increase in atmospheric CO2 (CO2 fertilisation) could slow down the rate of increase in atmospheric CO2 (Cramer et al., 2001; Thompson et al., 2004)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the GEOCARB model has been updated with an emphasis on factors affecting CO2 uptake by continental weathering, including the role of plants in chemical weathering and the application of GCMs to study the long-term carbon cycle.
Abstract: Revision of the GEOCARB model (Berner, 1991, 1994) for paleolevels of atmospheric CO2, has been made with emphasis on factors affecting CO2 uptake by continental weathering. This includes: (1) new GCM (general circulation model) results for the dependence of global mean surface temperature and runoff on CO2, for both glaciated and non-glaciated periods, coupled with new results for the temperature response to changes in solar radiation; (2) demonstration that values for the weathering-uplift factor fR(t) based on Sr isotopes as was done in GEOCARB II are in general agreement with independent values calculated from the abundance of terrigenous sediments as a measure of global physical erosion rate over Phanerozoic time; (3) more accurate estimates of the timing and the quantitative effects on Ca-Mg silicate weathering of the rise of large vascular plants on the continents during the Devonian; (4) inclusion of the effects of changes in paleogeography alone (constant CO2 and solar radiation) on global mean land surface temperature as it affects the rate of weathering; (5) consideration of the effects of volcanic weathering, both in subduction zones and on the seafloor; (6) use of new data on the d 13 C values for Phanerozoic limestones and organic matter; (7) consideration of the relative weather- ing enhancement by gymnosperms versus angiosperms; (8) revision of paleo land area based on more recent data and use of this data, along with GCM-based paleo-runoff results, to calculate global water discharge from the continents over time. Results show a similar overall pattern to those for GEOCARB II: very high CO2 values during the early Paleozoic, a large drop during the Devonian and Carbonifer- ous, high values during the early Mesozoic, and a gradual decrease from about 170 Ma to low values during the Cenozoic. However, the new results exhibit considerably higher CO2 values during the Mesozoic, and their downward trend with time agrees with the independent estimates of Ekart and others (1999). Sensitivity analysis shows that results for paleo-CO2 are especially sensitive to: the effects of CO2 fertilization and temperature on the acceleration of plant-mediated chemical weathering; the quantitative effects of plants on mineral dissolution rate for constant temperature and CO2; the relative roles of angiosperms and gymnosperms in accelerating rock weather- ing; and the response of paleo-temperature to the global climate model used. This emphasizes the need for further study of the role of plants in chemical weathering and the application of GCMs to study of paleo-CO2 and the long term carbon cycle.
1,842 citations
"Improved model calculation of atmos..." refers methods in this paper
...Box model approach has been used for budgeting various biogeochemical processes in the ocean (Frost and Franzen, 1992; Berner, 1994) and estuaries (Mukhopadhyay et al., 2006)....
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...Box model approach has been used for budgeting various biogeochemical processes in the ocean (Frost and Franzen, 1992; Berner, 1994) and estuaries (Mukhopadhyay et al....
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