Improved spray & wait routing protocol for under water acoustic network
01 Nov 2016-pp 1-6
TL;DR: This work is arranging nodes in a hexagonal patterns, the one main node in this pattern is moves in the fixed area i.e. the region that is covered by the ship, satellite and sonar device and the node amplifies the received signal.
Abstract: Opportunistic networks have gained popularity, when we come to conclusion that there are several things which MANET can't handle. Delay tolerant is one of the concepts of opportunistic network in which we connect those nodes which are actually not connected. In our work we are arranging nodes in a hexagonal patterns, the one main node in this pattern is moves in the fixed area i.e. the region that is covered by the ship. This node receives signals from the ship, satellite and sonar device in turn the node amplifies the received signal. Our work is conducted using Spray and wait routing protocol and enhances the protocol. The opportunistic network environment tool is used for simulation
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TL;DR: This work investigates the network topology according to the region of deployment, the number of deployed sensors, and their transmitting/sensing ranges, and shows how these results affect algorithmic aspects of the network by designing specific distributed protocols for sensor networks.
Abstract: We analyze various critical transmitting/sensing ranges for connectivity and coverage in three-dimensional sensor networks. As in other large-scale complex systems, many global parameters of sensor networks undergo phase transitions. For a given property of the network, there is a critical threshold, corresponding to the minimum amount of the communication effort or power expenditure by individual nodes, above (respectively, below) which the property exists with high (respectively, a low) probability. For sensor networks, properties of interest include simple and multiple degrees of connectivity/coverage. First, we investigate the network topology according to the region of deployment, the number of deployed sensors, and their transmitting/sensing ranges. More specifically, we consider the following problems: assume that n nodes, each capable of sensing events within a radius of r, are randomly and uniformly distributed in a 3-dimensional region R of volume V, how large must the sensing range R/sub SENSE/ be to ensure a given degree of coverage of the region to monitor? For a given transmission range R/sub TRANS/, what is the minimum (respectively, maximum) degree of the network? What is then the typical hop diameter of the underlying network? Next, we show how these results affect algorithmic aspects of the network by designing specific distributed protocols for sensor networks.
173 citations
"Improved spray & wait routing proto..." refers background in this paper
...In system architecture, sensors drift at diverse deepness to focus on 3D sea phenomena [5]....
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03 Mar 2008
TL;DR: A novel routing protocol where routing is performed adaptively based on the types of messages and application requirements is proposed, which can satisfy different application requirements and achieve a good trade-off among delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and energy consumption.
Abstract: As an emerging technique, underwater sensor network (UWSN) will enable a wide range of aquatic applications. However, due to the adverse underwater environmental conditions as well as some system constraints, an underwater sensor network is usually viewed as an intermittently connected network (ICN) (or delay/disruption tolerant network (DTN)), which requires specialized routing protocols. Moreover, applications may have different requirements for different types of messages, as demands a smart protocol to handle packets adaptively. In this paper, we propose a novel routing protocol where routing is performed adaptively based on the types of messages and application requirements. This is obtained by exploiting message redundancy and resource reallocation in order to achieve different performance requirements. We demonstrate through simulations that our protocol can satisfy different application requirements and achieve a good trade-off among delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and energy consumption.
106 citations
"Improved spray & wait routing proto..." refers background in this paper
...[1] Electromagnetic waves are limited in its sphere; acoustic waves are utilized in this type of communication....
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TL;DR: This paper presents several fundamental key aspects and architectures of UWSNs, emerging research issues of underwater sensor networks and exposes the researchers into networking of underwater communication devices for exciting ocean monitoring and exploration applications.
Abstract: this planet and many oceanic and maritime applications seem relatively slow in exploiting the state-of-the-art info-communication technologies. The natural and man-made disasters that have taken place over the last few years have aroused significant interest in monitoring oceanic environments for scientific, environmental, commercial, safety, homeland security and military needs. The shipbuilding and offshore engineering industries are also increasingly interested in technologies like sensor networks as an economically viable alternative to currently adopted and costly methods used in seismic monitoring, structural health monitoring, installation and mooring, etc. Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) are the enabling technology for wide range of applications like monitoring the strong influences and impact of climate regulation, nutrient production, oil retrieval and transportation The underwater environment differs from the terrestrial radio environment both in terms of its energy costs and channel propagation phenomena. The underwater channel is characterized by long propagation times and frequency-dependent attenuation that is highly affected by the distance between nodes as well as by the link orientation. Some of other issues in which UWSNs differ from terrestrial are limited bandwidth, constrained battery power, more failure of sensors because of fouling and corrosion, etc. This paper presents several fundamental key aspects and architectures of UWSNs, emerging research issues of underwater sensor networks and exposes the researchers into networking of underwater communication devices for exciting ocean monitoring and exploration applications. I. INTRODUCTION The Earth is a water planet. Around 70% of the surface of earth is covered by water. This is largely unexplored area and recently it has fascinated humans to explore it. Natural or man-made disasters that have taken place over the last few years have aroused significant interest in monitoring oceanic environments for scientific, environmental, commercial, safety, homeland security and military needs. The shipbuilding and offshore engineering industries are also increasingly interested in technologies like wireless sensor
102 citations
"Improved spray & wait routing proto..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Foremost challenges experienced in the design of underwater acoustic networks are as follows [4]....
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...Short-term time critical acoustic exploration: The applications which are of short term, and time of response plays a vital role are included in this category [4]....
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...Sea inspecting systems: Networks of sensors and submerged vehicles can perform concise, helpful versatile testing of the waterfront sea environment [4]....
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...The utilizations of submerged sensor systems are comprehensively classified as follows [4]....
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...Mine observation: The concurrent operation of various submerged devices with acoustic and optical sensors can be utilized to perform quick ecological appraisal and identify mine-like articles [4]....
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TL;DR: This paper particularly focuses on gathering most recent developments and experimentation related to key underwater sensor network applications and UASNs deployments for monitoring and control of underwater domains.
Abstract: Terrestrial and airborne Wireless Sensor Networks rely on radio frequencies as their communication medium for transmitting data and information. However, sensing and subsequent transmission in sub-sea environment e.g. deep sea exploration requires all together a different approach for communication that has to be done under water. There’s no escaping the fact that a huge amount of unexploited resources lies in the 70% of the earth covered by oceans. Yet, the aquatic world has mainly been unaffected by the recent advances in the area of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and their pervasive penetration in modern day research and industrial development. The current pace of research in the area of Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) is at a snail’s pace due to the difficulties arising in transferring most of the land and air based WSNs’ state-of-the-art to their underwater equivalent. Maximum underwater deployments rely on acoustics for enabling communication combined with special sensors having the capacity to take on harsh environment of the oceans. This paper particularly focuses on gathering most recent developments and experimentation related to key underwater sensor network applications and UASNs deployments for monitoring and control of underwater domains.
77 citations
"Improved spray & wait routing proto..." refers background in this paper
...Underwater acoustic network: UWAN [2] comprises of a set of nodes, immobile or mobile, connected wirelessly by means of acoustic communication units employed to observe occurrences of different events....
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...CHARACTERISTICS OF UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC NETWORK Unique characteristics of UWAN networks are deployed in [3] and are listed below: i. Communication media: Underwater communication system involves transmission of information using any media either acoustic waves, electromagnetic waves or optical waves. ii....
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...As Under water sensor nodes [2] comprise of restricted communication reach, they are deployed densely in the required region....
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05 Apr 2011
TL;DR: A novel energy efficient MAC protocol named NOGO-MAC (NOde Grouped Ofdma MAC) is proposed which is based on orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) and exploits the physical characteristic that propagation loss of acoustic wave depends on the distance more heavily at high frequency than at low frequency.
Abstract: In underwater acoustic sensor networks, the solution to augment sensor nodes' life time is crucial due to the difficulties in retrieving discharged sensor nodes. Thus, many energy efficient MAC protocols have employed mainly logical ways, such as sleep mode, hand-shaking signaling between nodes, and scheduling of transmission time, rarely using the physical characteristics of underwater acoustic channels. In this paper, we propose a novel energy efficient MAC protocol named NOGO-MAC (NOde Grouped Ofdma MAC) which is based on orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) and exploits the physical characteristic that propagation loss of acoustic wave depends on the distance more heavily at high frequency than at low frequency. In the proposed scheme, sensor nodes are grouped according to the distance to sink node. Then, each group uses a different frequency band in such a way that sensor nodes which are closer to the sink node use higher frequency band and farther ones use lower frequency band. The proposed scheme not only enables all sensor nodes to maintain the signal-to-noise ratio above a certain required level (Accepted Minimum SNR : AMS), but also reduces overall transmission power consumption. In addition, an adaptive sub-channel allocation is employed in order to improve data transmission rate. Numerical results show that NOGO-MAC is able to reduce the average transmission power by at least 3 dB up to 7 dB comparing non-grouping methods under bandwidth changing from 15 kHz to 35 kHz. And the more sensor nodes, the higher system average throughput can be achieved. The saturation system average throughput is about 8 kbps which is achieved with 800 sensor nodes density.
24 citations
"Improved spray & wait routing proto..." refers methods in this paper
...A synchronization algorithm is used to synchronize all nodes in a distributed fashion Jinyong Cheon et al [7], implemented a new scheme for energy efficiency in MAC protocol termed as NOGO-MAC (NOde Grouped Ofdma MAC) which relies on orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) and uses the physical attribute that propagation loss of acoustic wave are dependent on the distance much likely at high frequency instead of low frequency....
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...Jinyong Cheon et al [7], implemented a new scheme for energy efficiency in MAC protocol termed as NOGO-MAC (NOde Grouped Ofdma MAC) which relies on orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) and uses the physical attribute that propagation loss of acoustic wave are dependent on the distance much likely at high frequency instead of low frequency....
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