Improvement of landslide hazard assessments for regulatory zoning in France: STATE–OF–THE-ART perspectives and considerations
TL;DR: Through this synthesis carried out as part of the regulatory mapping of landslide hazards and risks in France, a state-of-the-art spatial assessment of current landslide hazards is performed and the new tools and databases to support this type of analysis are described.
Abstract: In France, in the context of regulatory mapping (PPRNs –Prevention Plans of Natural Risk based on French regulatory rules), landslide hazard assessment follows an empirical approach and uses basic available data. Therefore, the results are closely linked to the quality of the expertise and divergent opinions may arise in some specific cases. In recent years, numerical approaches using GIS, the availability of new databases, the development of new acquisition tools in the field and web visualization services have improved the knowledge of phenomena and different landslide-prone areas. Numerical approaches using GIS, that allow the transparency and traceability of results, have various levels of complexity and require different quantities of input data. However, they are often neglected by experts and new data and tools are not currently used to develop regulatory mapping documents. Numerous scientific examples show that these numerical approaches, web services and new tools can be a significant help in improving knowledge and provide a credible alternative to the expert approach, even in a regulatory context such as a PPRN. Thus, through this synthesis carried out as part of the regulatory mapping of landslide hazards and risks in France, a state-of-the-art spatial assessment of current landslide hazards is performed. The new tools and newly available databases to support this type of analysis are then described. Finally, the perspectives and limitations of alternative approaches and new tools and data are discussed, leading to some considerations for the improvement of the current method of producing landslide hazard maps for PPRNs in France.
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TL;DR: In this article , the authors examined the research status of earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility using data aspects, variable model types, and evaluation scales, and presented the most common EQLSA methods and discussed their advantages and disadvantages.
Abstract: Earthquake-induced landslides (EQL) can take a heavy toll on people's life and properties, thus attracting extensive attention of the geosciences community. Carrying out earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility assessment (EQLSA) is of great significance to the prevention and reduction of such disasters as well as recovery and reconstruction in affected areas. This study examined the research status of earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility using data aspects, variable model types, and evaluation scales. To begin, we will discuss the current state and shortcomings of the earthquake landslide inventory, as well as the common landslide influencing factors that serve as the foundation for EQLSA. Then we presented the most common EQLSA methods and discussed their advantages and disadvantages. Meanwhile, we used CiteSpace to visually analyze papers in the Web of Science database with the theme word "landslide susceptibility" from 2008 to 2020. Each paper is summarized in terms of the evaluation scale. Finally, the research difficulties of landslide susceptibility in spatial scale, qualitative and quantitative problems, and spatial representation of landslide information are discussed, and future research directions are suggested.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a physical-based model (ALICE -Assessment of Landslides Induced by Climatic Events) is presented, which can integrate different types of landslides (shallow and deep) with different sizes.
20 citations
24 Dec 2020
TL;DR: In this article, a land-form map and a landslide susceptibility map were developed to identify the landslide hazard, focusing on the development of a landform map to reduce the risk of landslide disaster in JLS, Malang Regency.
Abstract: There has been an increasing trend of land area being brought under human’s use over time. This situation has led the community to carry out land-use development activities in landslide hazard-prone areas. The use of land can have a positive impact by increasing economic conditions, but it can have negative impacts on the environment. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the landslide hazard, focusing on the development of a landform map to reduce the risk of landslide disaster in JLS, Malang Regency. The integration of remote sensing and geographic information systems, as well as field observation, were used to create a landform map and a landslide susceptibility map. Using the geomorphological approach as a basic concept in landform mapping, the morphology, morphogenesis, and morphoarrangement conditions were obtained from the remote sensing data, GIS, and field observation, while morphochronological information was obtained from a geological map. The landslide susceptibility map was prepared using 11 landslide conditioning factors by employing the index of entropy method. Thirty-nine landform units were successfully mapped into four landslide susceptibility classes. The results showed that the study area is dominated by a high level of landslide susceptibility with a majority of moderate to strongly eroded hill morphology. It also reaffirms that landform mapping is a reliable method by which to investigate landslide susceptibility in JLS, Malang Regency.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated shallow landslide susceptibility by considering the infinite slope stability model and steady-state hydrological conditions, and the prediction performance of the Stability Index Mapping (SINMAP) carried out by considering both mechanical and hydrologogical parameters and soil thickness values for different residual soils derived from different geological formations was evaluated.
Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to investigate shallow landslide susceptibility by considering the infinite slope stability model and steady-state hydrological conditions. The prediction performance of the Stability Index Mapping (SINMAP) carried out by considering the mechanical and hydrological parameters and soil thickness values for different residual soils derived from different geological formations was evaluated. For this purpose, comprehensive geotechnical site investigations were conducted in the Guneysu catchment area located at the east of Rize in the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey, where shallow landslides are frequently observed within the residual levels developed as a result of decomposition of magmatic rocks. The research was performed in four stages: (i) The general characteristics of the region were examined; (ii) detailed investigations were carried out for the preparation of shallow landslide inventory of the Guneysu catchment area; (iii) to reveal the mechanical and hydrological characteristics of the residual soils, disturb and undisturbed samplings were carried out, and geophysical investigations were performed; (iv) as the last stage, shallow landslide susceptibility was assessed by implementing the SINMAP mathematical model. As a result, the average accuracy value of the models produced to predict shallow landslide initiation in the region was obtained to be 96.7%. Considering the statistics achieved in this research, it is realized that the differentiation of soil material increases the model prediction capacity. Additionally, pre-evaluations of the mechanical and hydrological characteristics of the residual soils also increase the estimation performance.
14 citations
TL;DR: Chitral valley lies in the eastern Hindu Kush range, one of the hotspot of landslide activities that leads to loss of lives and economy as discussed by the authors, and is prone to landslides.
Abstract: Chitral valley lies in the eastern Hindu Kush range, one of the hotspot of landslide activities that leads to loss of lives and economy. Comprehensive landslide inventory and Landslide susceptibili...
12 citations
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TL;DR: A method of scaling ratios using the principal eigenvector of a positive pairwise comparison matrix is investigated, showing that λmax = n is a necessary and sufficient condition for consistency.
8,117 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, a fairly complete range of slope movement processes are identified and classified according to features that are also to some degree relevant to their recognition, avoidance, control, or correction.
Abstract: A fairly complete range of slope movement processes are identified and classified according to features that are also to some degree relevant to their recognition, avoidance, control, or correction. The classification includes extremely slow distributed movements of both rock and soil (designated as creep in many classifications). The classification also includes the increasingly recognized overturning or toppling failures and spreading movements. Attention is also paid to movements due to freezing and thawing. Among the attributes that have been used as criteria for identification and classification are type of movement, kind of material, rate of movement, geometry of the area of failure and the resulting deposit, age, causes, degree of disruption of the displaced mass, relation or lack of relation of slide geometry to geologic structure, degree of development, geographic location of type examples, and state of activity. A discussion of the causes of sliding slope movements considers, factors that contribute to increased shear stress and factors that contribute low or reduced shear strength.
2,321 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used geomorphological information to assess areas at high landslide hazard, and help mitigate the associated risk, and found that despite the operational and conceptual limitations, landslide hazard assessment may indeed constitute a suitable, cost-effective aid to land-use planning.
2,146 citations
TL;DR: The modified Varnes classification of landslides has 32 landslide types, each of which is backed by a formal definition as mentioned in this paper, and complex landslides are not included as a separate category type, but composite types can be constructed by the user of the classification by combining two or more type names.
Abstract: The goal of this article is to revise several aspects of the well-known classification of landslides, developed by Varnes (1978). The primary recommendation is to modify the definition of landslide-forming materials, to provide compatibility with accepted geotechnical and geological terminology of rocks and soils. Other, less important modifications of the classification system are suggested, resulting from recent developments of the landslide science. The modified Varnes classification of landslides has 32 landslide types, each of which is backed by a formal definition. The definitions should facilitate backward compatibility of the system as well as possible translation to other languages. Complex landslides are not included as a separate category type, but composite types can be constructed by the user of the classification by combining two or more type names, if advantageous.
1,973 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the range of Earth surface movements that may be classified as LANDSLIDES and classified them according to the following: Falling, sliding, or flowing.
Abstract: THE WHOLE RANGE OF EARTH MOVEMENTS THAT MAY PROPERLY BE REGARDED AS LANDSLIDES IS REVIEWED AND THESE MOVEMENTS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO FACTORS THAT HAVE SOME BEARING ON PREVENTION OR CONTROL. THE TERM LANDSLIDE IS DEFINED AS DENOTING DOWNWARD AND OUTWARD MOVEMENT OF SLOPE-FORMING MATERIALS COMPOSED OF NATURAL ROCK, SOILS, ARTIFICIAL FILLS, COMBINATIONS OF THESE MATERIALS. THE MOVING MASS MAY PROCEDE BY ANY ONE OF THREE PRINCIPLE TYPES OF MOVEMENT: FALLING, SLIDING, OR FLOWING, OR BY THEIR COMBINATIONS. MATERIALS ARE CLASSED, FOR FALLS AND SLIDES, INTO BEDROCK AND SOILS. LANDSLIDES ARE CLASSIFIED BY TYPES OF MOVEMENT, BUT IT MUST BE REMEMBERED THAT A RIGID CLASSIFICATION IS NEITHER PRACTICAL NOR DESIREABLE. VARIATIONS IN THE TYPE OF MOVEMENT AND IN THE MATERIALS VARY FROM PLACE TO PLACE, OR FROM TIME TO TIME, IN AN ACTUAL LANDSLIDE. SLUMPS AND SLUMPS COMBINED WITH OTHER TYPES OF MOVEMENT, MAKE UP A HIGH PROPORTION OF THE LANDSLIDE PROBLEMS FACING THE HIGHWAY ENGINEERS. THE MOVEMENT IN SLUMPS TAKES PLACE ONLY ALONG INTERNAL SLOPE SURFACES. SOME OF THE COMMON VARIETIES OF SLUMP FAILURE ARE ILLUSTRATED IN A FIGURE. THE PROCESS OF LANDSLIDING IS ESSENTIALLY A CONTINUOUS SERIES OF EVENTS FROM CAUSE TO EFFECT. IN MANY INSTANCES THE PRINCIPLE CAUSE OF THE SLIDE CANNOT BE REMOVED SO IT MAY BE MORE ECONOMICAL TO ALLEVIATE THE EFFECTS CONTINUALLY OR INTERMITTENTLY WITHOUT ATTEMPTING TO REMOVE THE CAUSE. LANDSLIDES GENERALLY TAKE PLACE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GEOLOGIC, TOPOGRAPHIC, OR CLIMATIC FACTORS COMMON TO LARGE AREAS. VERY SELDOM CAN A SLIDE BE ATTRIBUTED TO A SINGLE DEFINITE CAUSE. ALL TRUE SLIDES (EXCLUDING FALLS) INVOLVE THE FAILURE OF EARTH MATERIALS UNDER SHEAR STRESS. THE INITIATION OF THE PROCESS CAN THEREFORE BE REVIEWED ACCORDING TO: (1) THE FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO HIGH SHEAR STRESS, AND (2) THE FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO LOW SHEAR STRENGTH. THE PRINCIPLE FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE INSTABILITY OF EARTH MATERIALS ARE: (1) REMOVAL OF LATERAL SUPPORT LEADING TO INSTABILITY AND ACTIONS OF EROSION, GLACIER ICE, WAVES AND LONGSHORE OR TIDAL CURRENTS; CREATION OF NEW SLOPE BY PREVIOUS ROCKFALL, SLIDE, SUBSIDENCE, OR LARGE SCALE FAULTING, AND HUMAN AGENCIES, (2) SURCHARGE WHICH INCLUDES NATURAL AND HUMAN AGENCIES, (3) TRANSITORY EARTH STRESSES WHICH MAY RESULT FROM EARTHQUAKES, VIBRATIONS FROM BLASTING, MACHINERY, AND TRAFFIC, (4) REGIONAL TILTING WHICH CAUSES PROGRESSIVE INCREASE IN SLOPE ANGLES, (5) RE- MOVAL OF UNDERLYING SUPPORT BY UNDERCUTTING OF BANKS, BY RIVERS AND WAVES, SUBAERIAL WEATHERING, SUBTERRANEAN EROSION, HUMAN AGENCY, SUCH AS MINING, AND (6) LATERAL PRESSURE DUE TO WATER IN CRACKS AND CAVERNS, FREEZING OF WATER IN CRACKS, AND SWELLING. FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO LAW SHEAR STRENGTH ARE DISCUSSED.
1,703 citations