In a relationship

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In a relationship

Journal Article•

In a relationship

01 Mar 2013-Roads and bridges-Vol. 51, Iss: 2

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors take a look at the current state of public private partnership (PPP) and how state departments of transportation are leaning more towards utilizing them and present details of road and bridge construction projects utilizing PPP in both states.

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Abstract: This article takes a look at the current state of public private partnerships (PPPs) and how state departments of transportation are leaning more towards utilizing them. Two programs, that of the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) and the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT), are the focus here. Details of road and bridge construction projects utilizing PPP in both states are presented.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Land cover changes and their biogeophysical effects on climate

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Rezaul Mahmood¹, Roger A. Pielke², Kenneth G. Hubbard³, Dev Niyogi⁴, Paul A. Dirmeyer, Clive McAlpine⁵, Andrew M. Carleton⁶, Robert Hale⁷, Samuel Gameda⁸, Adriana Beltrán-Przekurat⁹, Bruce Baker¹⁰, Richard T. McNider¹¹, David R. Legates¹², Marshall Shepherd¹³, Jinyang Du¹⁴, Peter D. Blanken¹⁵, Oliver W. Frauenfeld¹⁶, U. S. Nair¹¹, Souleymane Fall¹⁷ - Show less +15 more•Institutions (17)

Western Kentucky University¹, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences², University of Nebraska–Lincoln³, Purdue University⁴, University of Queensland⁵, Pennsylvania State University⁶, Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere⁷, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada⁸, John Deere⁹, Oak Ridge National Laboratory¹⁰, University of Alabama in Huntsville¹¹, University of Delaware¹², University of Georgia¹³, Chinese Academy of Sciences¹⁴, University of Colorado Boulder¹⁵, Texas A&M University¹⁶, Tuskegee University¹⁷

01 Mar 2014-International Journal of Climatology

TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview and synthesis of some of the most notable types of land cover changes and their impacts on climate, including agriculture, deforestation and afforestation, desertification, and urbanization.

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Abstract: Land cover changes (LCCs) play an important role in the climate system. Research over recent decades highlights the impacts of these changes on atmospheric temperature, humidity, cloud cover, circulation, and precipitation. These impacts range from the local- and regional-scale to sub-continental and global-scale. It has been found that the impacts of regional-scale LCC in one area may also be manifested in other parts of the world as a climatic teleconnection. In light of these findings, this article provides an overview and synthesis of some of the most notable types of LCC and their impacts on climate. These LCC types include agriculture, deforestation and afforestation, desertification, and urbanization. In addition, this article provides a discussion on challenges to, and future research directions in, assessing the climatic impacts of LCC.

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560 citations

Cites background from "In a relationship"

...…2010b; Niyogi et al., 2006; Shepherd, 2006; Kaufmann et al., 2007; Mote et al., 2007; van den Heever and Cotton, 2007; Rose et al., 2008; Stallins and Rose, 2008; Trusilova et al., 2008; Hand and Shepherd, 2009; Shem and Shepherd, 2009; Ashley et al., 2012; Mitra et al., 2011; Niyogi et al., 2011)....
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...Mitra et al. (2011) and Niyogi et al. (2011) noted that increased sensible heat flux, convergence, atmospheric destabilization, and resultant modified atmospheric flow patterns play an important role in enhancing precipitation....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Heart rate variability biofeedback: how and why does it work?

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Paul M. Lehrer¹, Richard Gevirtz²•Institutions (2)

Rutgers University¹, Alliant International University²

21 Jul 2014-Frontiers in Psychology

TL;DR: This article reviews the effect on the vagal afferent pathway to the frontal cortical areas has been proposed and other possible mechanisms that might explain the positive effects of HRVB.

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Abstract: In recent years there has been substantial support for heart rate variability biofeedback (HRVB) as a treatment for a variety of disorders and for performance enhancement (Gevirtz, 2013). Since conditions as widely varied as asthma and depression seem to respond to this form of cardiorespiratory feedback training, the issue of possible mechanisms becomes more salient. The most supported possible mechanism is the strengthening of homeostasis in the baroreceptor (Vaschillo et al., 2002; Lehrer et al., 2003). Recently, the effect on the vagal afferent pathway to the frontal cortical areas has been proposed. In this article, we review these and other possible mechanisms that might explain the positive effects of HRVB.

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478 citations

Cites methods from "In a relationship"

...Schandry and his colleagues had used this procedure to study interoception some years ago (Schandry, 1981, 2003; Schandry et al., 1986; Montoya et al., 1993; Critchley et al., 2004; Pollatos et al., 2005a,b; Gray et al., 2007)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Modeling general and specific variance in multifaceted constructs: a comparison of the bifactor model to other approaches.

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Fang Fang Chen¹, Adele M. Hayes¹, Charles S. Carver², Jean-Philippe Laurenceau¹, Zugui Zhang³ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (3)

University of Delaware¹, University of Miami², Christiana Care Health System³

01 Feb 2012-Journal of Personality

TL;DR: An alternative method for testing multifaceted constructs, which combines the advantages but avoid the drawbacks of the 2 existing methods and can lead to greater conceptual clarity is recommended.

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Abstract: This article recommends an alternative method for testing multifaceted constructs. Researchers often have to choose between two problematic approaches for analyzing multifaceted constructs: the total score approach and the individual score approach. Both approaches can result in conceptual ambiguity. The proposed bifactor model assesses simultaneously the general construct shared by the facets and the specific facets, over and above the general construct. We illustrate the bifactor model by examining the construct of Extraversion as measured by the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; Costa & McCrae, 1992), with two college samples (N = 383 and 378). The analysis reveals that the facets of the NEO-PI-R Extraversion correlate with criteria in opposite directions after partialling out the general construct. The direction of gender differences also varies by facets. Bifactor models combine the advantages but avoid the drawbacks of the 2 existing methods and can lead to greater conceptual clarity.

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443 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: a literature survey

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Muhammad Shahbaz, Avik Sinha

07 Jan 2019-Journal of Economic Studies

TL;DR: A survey of the empirical literature on Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) estimation of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions over the period of 1991-2017 can be found in this paper.

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Abstract: This paper provides a survey of the empirical literature on Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) estimation of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions over the period of 1991-2017. This survey categorizes the studies on the basis of single country and cross-country contexts. It has been hypothesized that the EKC is an inverted U-shaped association between economic growth and CO2 emissions. For both single country and cross-country contexts, the results of EKC estimation for CO2 emissions are inconclusive in nature. The reasons behind this discrepancy can be attributed to the choice of contexts, time period, explanatory variables, and methodological adaptation. The future studies in this context should not only consider new set of variables (e.g., corruption index, social indicators, political scenario, energy research and development expenditures, foreign capital inflows, happiness, population education structure, public investment towards alternate energy exploration, etc.), but also the dataset should be refined, so that the EKC estimation issues raised by Stern (2004) can be addressed.

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374 citations

Cites background from "In a relationship"

...…Panel cointegration Monotonically Increasing BRIC NA US, Japan and BRIC NA Quadratic Inverted U-shaped BRIC 90.02 US, Japan and BRIC 36,315.50 Acaravci and Ozturk (2010) 19 European countries (1960- 2005) Quadratic Time Series ARDL bounds No EKC Austria NA No EKC Belgium NA Inverted…...
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...(2009), Acaravci and Ozturk (2010), Apergi s and Payne (2010), Bello and Abimbola (2010), Iwata et al. (2010), Lean and Smyth (2010), Pao and Tsai (2010), Tamazian and Rao (2010), Nasir and Rehman (2011), Pao and Tsai (2011a, b), Pao et al....
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...(2009), Acaravci and Ozturk (2010), Apergi s and Payne (2010), Bello and Abimbola (2010), Iwata et al. (2010), Lean and Smyth (2010), Pao and Tsai (2010), Tamazian and Rao (2010), Nasir and Rehman (2011), Pao and Tsai (2011a, b), Pao et al. (2011), Wang et al. (2011), Arouri et al. (2012), D u et al. (2012), Jayanthakumaran et al. (2012), Saboori et al. (2012 b), Shahbaz et al. (2012), Baek and Kim (2013), Cha ndran and Tang (2013), Kanjilal and Ghosh (2013), Kohler (2013), Ozcan (20 13), Ozturk and Acaravci (2013), Saboori and Sulaim an (2013a, b), Shahbaz (2013), Shahbaz et al....
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...(2009), Acaravci and Ozturk (2010), Apergi s and Payne (2010), Bello and Abimbola (2010), Iwata et al....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs (2006)

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Charles S. Taber¹, Milton Lodge¹•Institutions (1)

Stony Brook University¹

20 Sep 2012-Critical Review

TL;DR: In this article, a model of motivated skepticism is proposed to explain when and why citizens are biased information processors, and two experimental studies explore how citizens evaluate arguments about affirmative action and gun control, finding strong evidence of a prior attitude effect such that attitudinally congruent arguments are evaluated as stronger than attitudesimilarity.

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Abstract: We propose a model of motivated skepticism that helps explain when and why citizens are biased information processors. Two experimental studies explore how citizens evaluate arguments about affirmative action and gun control, finding strong evidence of a prior attitude effect such that attitudinally congruent arguments are evaluated as stronger than attitudinally incongruent arguments. When reading pro and con arguments, participants (Ps) counterargue the contrary arguments and uncritically accept supporting arguments, evidence of a disconfirmation bias. We also find a confirmation bias—the seeking out of confirmatory evidence—when Ps are free to self-select the source of the arguments they read. Both the confirmation and disconfirmation biases lead to attitude polarization—the strengthening of t2 over t1 attitudes—especially among those with the strongest priors and highest levels of political sophistication. We conclude with a discussion of the normative implications of these findings for ratio...

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320 citations

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References

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Book Chapter•DOI•

An analysis of the principal-agent problem

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Sanford J. Grossman¹, Sanford J. Grossman², Oliver Hart², Oliver Hart¹•Institutions (2)

University of Chicago¹, London School of Economics and Political Science²

01 Jan 1983-Econometrica

TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the optimal way of implementing an action by an agent can be found by solving a convex programming problem, and they use this to characterize the optimal incentive scheme and to analyze the determinants of the seriousness of an incentive problem.

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Abstract: Most analyses of the principal-agent problem assume that the principal chooses an incentive scheme to maximize expected utility subject to the agent’s utility being at a stationary point. An important paper of Mirrlees has shown that this approach is generally invalid. We present an alternative procedure. If the agent’s preferences over income lotteries are independent of action, we show that the optimal way of implementing an action by the agent can be found by solving a convex programming problem. We use this to characterize the optimal incentive scheme and to analyze the determinants of the seriousness of an incentive problem.

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2,743 citations

Additional excerpts

...If both the monotone likelihood ratio (MLRP) and the convexity of the distribution function condition (CDFC) as defined by Grossman and Hart (1983) hold,3 the incentive constraint (IC) can be written as (1 − 2b) [p(aj) − p(aj−1)]u(wH) ≥ c(aj) − c(aj−1), (IC”) which is fulfilled with equality in the…...
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Posted Content•

The Tenuous Tradeoff Between Risk and Incentives

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Canice Prendergast

01 Jul 2000-Research Papers in Economics

TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the existing literature fails to account for an important effect of uncertainty on incentives through the allocation of responsibility to employees, and they argue that parts of the existing empirical literature are better explained through this lens than with the standard model.

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Abstract: Empirical work testing for a negative tradeoff between risk and incentives, a cornerstone of agency theory, has not had much success. Indeed, the data seem to suggest a positive relationship between measures of uncertainty and incentives, rather than the posited negative tradeoff. I argue that the existing literature fails to account for an important effect of uncertainty on incentives through the allocation of responsibility to employees. When workers operate in certain settings, the activities that they should engage in are well known, and firms are content to assign tasks to workers and monitor their inputs. By contrast, when the situation is more uncertain, firms know less about how workers should be spending their time. As a result, the delegate responsibility to workers but, to constraint heir discretion, base compensation on observed output. Hence, uncertainty and output-based pay are positively related. I argue that parts of the existing empirical literature are better explained through this lens than with the standard model.

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849 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Monitoring versus incentives

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Dominique Demougin¹, Dominique Demougin², Claude Fluet•Institutions (2)

Humboldt State University¹, Université du Québec à Montréal²

01 Oct 2001-European Economic Review

TL;DR: The authors analyzes the trade-off between monitoring and incentives in a principal-agent relationship with moral hazard and derives general results on the optimal monitoring-incentives mix for the case where both parties are risk-neutral and the agent faces a limited liability constraint.

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117 citations

"In a relationship" refers methods in this paper

...We consider a typical moral-hazard problem between a risk averse agent and a risk neutral principal based on the binary-signal model used by Demougin and Garvie (1991) and Demougin and Fluet (2001), for example....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Contractual Design with Correlated Information Under Limited Liability

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Dominique Demougin, Devon a. Garvie

24 Jan 1991-The RAND Journal of Economics

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider the nonnegative transfers model with nonnegative constraints on the transfer payments to, and the profits of, the agent and show that when limited liability is a binding constraint, the principal cannot implement the first-best solution and the agent earns rents from private information.

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Abstract: We examine contractual design in a principal-agent model under two forms of limited liability: nonnegative constraints on the transfer payments to, and the profits of, the agent. We show that when limited liability is a binding constraint, the principal cannot implement the first-best solution and the agent earns rents from private information. Limited liability is a binding constraint in the nonnegative transfers model only when a signal is insufficiently responsible to type (inelastic). Further, as the production rule and profits are continuous in the type elasticity of the signal density function, the level of the inefficiency is less than that which obtains with no signal. If a signal is sufficiently responsive to type (elastic) in this environment, then the principal can implement the first-best allocation and the value of the agent's private information is zero. We show that limited liability will always be a binding constraint in the nonnegative ex post profits model, regardless of the information content of the signal. The production rule and welfare are increasing in the informativeness of the signal.

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78 citations

"In a relationship" refers methods in this paper

...We consider a typical moral-hazard problem between a risk averse agent and a risk neutral principal based on the binary-signal model used by Demougin and Garvie (1991) and Demougin and Fluet (2001), for example....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Risk sharing vs. incentives: Contract design under two-sided heterogeneity

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Konstantinos Serfes¹•Institutions (1)

Drexel University¹

01 Sep 2005-Economics Letters

TL;DR: This paper studied the matching patterns between heterogeneous principals and agents in a principal agent model and found that the resulting equilibrium relationship between risk and incentives could be negative, positive or U-shaped.

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72 citations

"In a relationship" refers background in this paper

...‡University of Bonn, Adenauerallee 24-42, D-53113 Bonn, Germany, tel: +49 228 733914, fax: +49 228 739210, e-mail: m.kraekel@uni-bonn.de....
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...Finally, Wright (2004) and Serfes (2005) independently develop a matching approach that can explain the puzzle....
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