In the name of the father: surnames and genetics
TL;DR: Recent studies involving Y-chromosomal haplotyping and surname analysis are promising and indicate that genealogists of the future could be turning to records written in DNA, as well as in paper archives, to solve their problems.
About: This article is published in Trends in Genetics.The article was published on 2001-06-01. It has received 191 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Patronymic surname.
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15 Sep 2006
TL;DR: In this paper, the link between surname and inheritance can be broken by nonpaternity and other factors, and the histories of names can be investigated using molecular genetic methods using surnames.
Abstract: Heritable surnames contain information about the relatedness of individuals within and between populations, and thus can be used to estimate human inbreeding and population structure. These estimates are affected adversely by the failure of underlying assumptions: many surnames have several founders, and the link between surname and inheritance can be broken by nonpaternity and other factors. Associations between patrilinearly inherited surnames and paternally inherited Y-chromosome haplotypes are now allowing the histories of names to be investigated using molecular genetic methods.
Keywords:
surname;
isonymy;
nonpaternity;
Y chromosome;
haplotype
4 citations
21 Feb 2011
4 citations
TL;DR: This article identified the frequency and demographic impacts of lineage loss from non-random juvenile mortality of brood mates in critically endangered wild orange-bellied parrots Neophema chrysogaster over 22 years.
4 citations
01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: In this article, a new nouveau portrait demogenetique de the Region metropolitaine de recensement (RMR) de Saguenay was reconstructed using 247 genealogies ascendantes reconstruite dans le cadre du projet CARTaGENE (www.cartagene.uqac.qc.ca).
Abstract: La population du Quebec a deja fait l’objet de plusieurs etudes en genetique des populations en raison de la grande qualite de ses bases de donnees qui couvrent pres de quatre siecles. Ces etudes ont permis de temoigner de l’importance des effets fondateurs qui ont forge la population depuis l’arrivee des premiers pionniers europeens. Certaines regions quebecoises, dont celle du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, sont particulierement touchees par ces effets fondateurs. L’objectif principal de cette etude est de dresser un nouveau portrait demogenetique de la Region metropolitaine de recensement (RMR) de Saguenay a partir de l’analyse de 247 genealogies ascendantes reconstruites dans le cadre du projet CARTaGENE (www.cartagene.qc.ca). Les reconstructions ont ete faites en utilisant la base de donnees BALSAC (http://balsac.uqac.ca/). Les analyses genealogiques ont ete effectuees a l’aide du logiciel GENLIB. Les histoires migratoires des participants a l’etude ont egalement ete dressees grâce au jumelage des donnees genealogiques avec certaines informations demographiques tirees de l’enquete CARTaGENE. Les differentes branches genealogiques remontent jusqu’aux premiers immigrants venus au Quebec (les fondateurs). Les branches les plus longues remontent donc au debut du XVIIe siecle, pour une profondeur genealogique moyenne de 10,5 generations. La majorite des fondateurs identifies sont d’origine francaise, mais d’autres origines canadiennes et europeennes sont egalement observees. Le niveau d’apparentement des sujets est plutot faible lorsque mesure jusqu’a la cinquieme generation d’ancetres, mais il augmente rapidement a partir de la septieme generation. L’analyse des histoires migratoires a montre l’existence d’un solide ancrage regional parmi les participants nes au Saguenay. Certains resultats de cette etude ont ete compares aux resultats d’etudes anterieures portant sur la population du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean et celles d’autres regions du Quebec. Les comparaisons ont fait ressortir certaines similitudes mais aussi quelques differences qui s’expliquent par la nature des echantillons utilises et par l’evolution recente de la population regionale.
4 citations
Cites background from "In the name of the father: surnames..."
...Les fondateurs régionaux de l’extérieur sont, de leur côté, originaires du Nouveau-Brunswick, des États-Unis, des Îles Anglo-Normandes, d’Écosse et de France....
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...À cette profondeur générationnelle, la région affiche le cinquième coefficient de consanguinité derrière les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Charlevoix, la Gaspésie et la Côte-Nord qui affichent les coefficients les plus élevés....
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...Les fondateurs acadiens expliquent à eux seuls 86% du pool 11 génique des Îles-de-la-Madeleine, 24% du pool de la Gaspésie et 14% du pool de la Côte-Nord (Bergeron& al, 2008)....
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...La moitié d’entre eux viennent de six régions françaises seulement : la Normandie, le Poitou, l’Aunis, l’Île-de-France, la Bretagne et la Saintonge....
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...Les deux autres principales régions d’origine des fondatrices françaises sont la Normandie et l’Aunis (Vézina & al, 2005)....
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Dissertation•
28 Dec 2017
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a framework for the creation of functional population inventories from Twitter using various data mining and heuristic techniques, individual Twitter users are attributed with key demographic markers including age, gender, ethnicity and place of residence.
Abstract: At the outset, this thesis sets out to address limitations in conventional population data for the representation of stocks and flows of human populations. Until now, many of the data available for studying population behaviour have been static in nature, often collected on an infrequent basis or in an inconsistent manner. However, rapid expansion in the use of online technologies has led to the generation of a huge volume of data as a byproduct of individuals’ online activities. This thesis sets out to exploit just one of these new data channels: raw geographically referenced messages collected by the Twitter Online Social Network. The thesis develops a framework for the creation of functional population inventories from Twitter. Through the application of various data mining and heuristic techniques, individual Twitter users are attributed with key demographic markers including age, gender, ethnicity and place of residence. However, while these inventories possess the required data structure for analysis, little is understood about whom they represent and for what purposes they may be reliably employed. Thus a primary focus of this thesis is the assessment of Twitter-based population inventories at a range of spatial scales from the local to the global. More specifically, the assessment considers issues of age, gender, ethnicity, geographic distribution and surname composition. The value of such rich data is demonstrated in the final chapter in which a detailed analysis of the stocks and flows of peoples within the four largest London airports is undertaken. The analysis demonstrates both the extraction of conventional insight, such as passenger statistics and new insights such as footfall and sentiment. The thesis concludes with recommendations for the ways in which social media analysis may be used in demographics to supplement the analysis of populations using conventional sources of data.
4 citations
Cites background from "In the name of the father: surnames..."
...This association is due to the hereditary nature of both surnames and the Y-chromosome in the male line of the population (Jobling, 2001)....
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...Europe during the medieval period, the time of adoption ranges from the 1940s in Turkey to almost 5,000 years ago in parts of China (Jobling, 2001)....
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References
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TL;DR: The results of an international collaboration to produce and make freely available a draft sequence of the human genome are reported and an initial analysis is presented, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the sequence.
Abstract: The human genome holds an extraordinary trove of information about human development, physiology, medicine and evolution. Here we report the results of an international collaboration to produce and make freely available a draft sequence of the human genome. We also present an initial analysis of the data, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the sequence.
22,269 citations
TL;DR: Comparative genomic analysis indicates vertebrate expansions of genes associated with neuronal function, with tissue-specific developmental regulation, and with the hemostasis and immune systems are indicated.
Abstract: A 2.91-billion base pair (bp) consensus sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome was generated by the whole-genome shotgun sequencing method. The 14.8-billion bp DNA sequence was generated over 9 months from 27,271,853 high-quality sequence reads (5.11-fold coverage of the genome) from both ends of plasmid clones made from the DNA of five individuals. Two assembly strategies-a whole-genome assembly and a regional chromosome assembly-were used, each combining sequence data from Celera and the publicly funded genome effort. The public data were shredded into 550-bp segments to create a 2.9-fold coverage of those genome regions that had been sequenced, without including biases inherent in the cloning and assembly procedure used by the publicly funded group. This brought the effective coverage in the assemblies to eightfold, reducing the number and size of gaps in the final assembly over what would be obtained with 5.11-fold coverage. The two assembly strategies yielded very similar results that largely agree with independent mapping data. The assemblies effectively cover the euchromatic regions of the human chromosomes. More than 90% of the genome is in scaffold assemblies of 100,000 bp or more, and 25% of the genome is in scaffolds of 10 million bp or larger. Analysis of the genome sequence revealed 26,588 protein-encoding transcripts for which there was strong corroborating evidence and an additional approximately 12,000 computationally derived genes with mouse matches or other weak supporting evidence. Although gene-dense clusters are obvious, almost half the genes are dispersed in low G+C sequence separated by large tracts of apparently noncoding sequence. Only 1.1% of the genome is spanned by exons, whereas 24% is in introns, with 75% of the genome being intergenic DNA. Duplications of segmental blocks, ranging in size up to chromosomal lengths, are abundant throughout the genome and reveal a complex evolutionary history. Comparative genomic analysis indicates vertebrate expansions of genes associated with neuronal function, with tissue-specific developmental regulation, and with the hemostasis and immune systems. DNA sequence comparisons between the consensus sequence and publicly funded genome data provided locations of 2.1 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A random pair of human haploid genomes differed at a rate of 1 bp per 1250 on average, but there was marked heterogeneity in the level of polymorphism across the genome. Less than 1% of all SNPs resulted in variation in proteins, but the task of determining which SNPs have functional consequences remains an open challenge.
12,098 citations
TL;DR: A method for constructing networks from recombination-free population data that combines features of Kruskal's algorithm for finding minimum spanning trees by favoring short connections, and Farris's maximum-parsimony (MP) heuristic algorithm, which sequentially adds new vertices called "median vectors", except that the MJ method does not resolve ties.
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6,577 citations
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