In Vitro Antioxidative Evaluation of α- and β-Carotene, Isolated from Crude Palm Oil
12 Nov 2013-Journal of Automated Methods & Management in Chemistry (Hindawi Publishing Corporation)-Vol. 2013, pp 351671-351671
TL;DR: A definite dosage formulation for consumption of carotenoids is being proposed which will enhance health promotion and prevent chronic diseases when taken as fortified foods or dietary supplements.
Abstract: The present work describes the isolation of α- and β-carotene from crude palm oil and their antioxidant potential in an in vitro model. Pure product was isolated by the method adopted. Antioxidant activities of the isolated α- and β-carotene were analyzed in five different concentrations of 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1% (w/v). From the several assays conducted, an observation was made that the antioxidant activity of the product shifted between antioxidant and prooxidant effects depending on the concentration and the system analyzed. The metal chelation, DPPH radical scavenging, and superoxide scavenging activities showed almost similar results in terms of high activity at lowest concentrations. ABTS-scavenging activity was displayed only by a particular antioxidant concentration of 0.1%. Lipid peroxidation assay pronounced the activity of 0.1% antioxidant in inhibiting oxidation of sensitive bioactive lipids. In vitro antidenaturation test again specified the efficacy of low concentrations in preventing protein denaturation. Through this study a definite dosage formulation for consumption of carotenoids is being proposed which will enhance health promotion and prevent chronic diseases when taken as fortified foods or dietary supplements.
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TL;DR: A thorough review on the reactions of carotenoids with the most physiologically relevant reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and scrutinizes the resulting oxidation products that have been hitherto identified.
Abstract: Carotenoids are lipid soluble plant pigments that make part of human daily diet. These compounds are able to react with diverse reactive species and originate a myriad of oxidation products that have similar or even more reactivity than their parent compounds. These products may be short-chain carbonyl compounds and, the commonly designated, apo-carotenoids. The effects fo these products in the human body are not yet fully understood, but it is believed that they are intimately related with their oxidative potential. As so, carotenoids and their oxidation products have undeniable potential as bioactive compounds. However, the multifactorial elements that influence their activity/reactivity make really hard, or probably impossible, the task to classify them as anti- or pro-oxidant compounds. This manuscript provides a thorough review on the reactions of carotenoids with the most physiologically relevant reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and scrutinizes the resulting oxidation products that have been hitherto identified. Finally, the dual anti- vs. pro-oxidant activities of carotenoids are discussed, mostly based on studies which use physiologic relevant reactive species in oxidative stress. Definitely, there is an open window to the development of deeper studies in this field with a greater number of carotenoids, especially with the ones hitherto not studied.
131 citations
TL;DR: In this article, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is proposed as a novel strategy for biofluid analysis and four experimental SERS protocols that are frequently used for the profiling of biofluids are delineated: liquid SERS for the detection of purine metabolites, 2) iodide-modified L 1, 3) dried L 2, 4) resonant Raman for detecting carotenoids.
Abstract: Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is emerging as a novel strategy for biofluid analysis. In this review, we delineate four experimental SERS protocols that are frequently used for the profiling of biofluids: 1) liquid SERS for the detection of purine metabolites; 2) iodide-modified liquid SERS for the detection of proteins; 3) dried SERS for the detection of both purine metabolites and proteins; 4) resonant Raman for the detection of carotenoids. To explain the selectivity of each experimental SERS protocol, we introduce a heuristic model for the chemisorption of analytes mediated by adsorbed ions (adions) onto the SERS substrate. Next, we show that the promising results of SERS liquid biopsy stem from the fact that the concentration levels of purine metabolites, proteins and carotenoids are informative of the cellular turnover rate, inflammation, and oxidative stress, respectively. These processes are perturbed in virtually every disease, from cancer to autoimmune maladies. Finally, we review recent SERS liquid biopsy studies and discuss future steps that are required for translating SERS in the clinical setting.
32 citations
TL;DR: Depending on the cellular model and conditions tested, β-carotene and its metabolites revealed antioxidant effects to varying degrees without significant pro-oxidant or genotoxic effects.
Abstract: Carotenoids are ubiquitously distributed in nature, β-carotene being the most frequently found carotenoid in the human diet. In the human body, β-carotene is absorbed, distributed and metabolized by enzymatic and/or non-enzymatic oxidant cleavage into several metabolites. Despite the broadly accepted biological value of β-carotene, it has also been considered a double-edged sword, mainly due to its potential antioxidant versus pro-oxidant behaviour. In this sense, the aim of this work was to scrutinize the antioxidant or pro-oxidant potential of β-carotene and its metabolites, namely trans-β-apo-8'-carotenal and β-ionone. Several parameters were evaluated in this study, viz. their effects on reactive species production, both in human whole blood and neutrophils; their effects on lipid peroxidation, in the absence and presence of peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), using a synaptosomal model; and finally, their putative genotoxic effects in the human hepatic HepG2 cell line. In general, depending on the cellular model and conditions tested, β-carotene and its metabolites revealed antioxidant effects to varying degrees without significant pro-oxidant or genotoxic effects.
20 citations
TL;DR: Ostrich oil is well known for its nutritional, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical uses due to the fact that it has a high content of essential fatty acids as mentioned in this paper, which is important in terms of the effectiveness of products containing this oil.
Abstract: Ostrich Oil is well known for its nutritional, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical uses due to the fact that it has a high content of essential fatty acids. However, the quality of ostrich oil is important in terms of the effectiveness of products containing this oil. This study therefore aimed to prepare ostrich oils from abdominal adipose tissues using two different methods, being the classical method and a developed rendering method. The results revealed that both types of oils had physicochemical properties, heavy metal contents, and fatty acid compositions within the allowable limits set by the Codex Standard for Named Animal Fats CODEX STAN 211–1999. However, the ostrich oil obtained from the classical method had a stronger yellow color than that from the developed method. Furthermore, the total polyunsaturated fatty acids, iron content, and antioxidant activity of the ostrich oil obtained from the developed method were higher than those from the classical method. The developed rendering method can therefore produce high quality ostrich oils and can be easily adapted to processing other ratite oils.
13 citations
TL;DR: A review of the most commonly used antioxidant assays with a comparative discussion of the relevance of published literature data to food science and human nutrition applications is presented in this article, where the authors present background scientific information on some of these assays.
Abstract: Antioxidants remain interesting molecules of choice for suppression of the toxic effects of free radicals in foods and human systems. The current practice involves the use of mainly synthetic molecules as potent antioxidant agents. However, due to the potential negative impact on human health, there is an intensive effort within the research community to develop natural alternatives with similar antioxidant efficacy but without the negative side effects of synthetic molecules. Still, the successful development of new molecules depends on the use of reliable chemical or cell culture assays to screen antioxidant properties. Chemical antioxidant assays include the determination of scavenging ability against free radicals such as DPPH, superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide. Other antioxidant tests include the ability of compounds to bind and sequester prooxidant metal cations, reduce ferric iron, and attenuate the rate of lipid oxidation. Ex vivo tests utilize cell cultures to confirm entry of the molecules into cells and the ability to quench synthetic intracellular free radicals or to stimulate the increased biosynthesis of endogenous antioxidants. In order to assist researchers in their choice of antioxidant evaluation methods, this review presents background scientific information on some of the most commonly used antioxidant assays with a comparative discussion of the relevance of published literature data to food science and human nutrition applications.
12 citations
References
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TL;DR: A method for the screening of antioxidant activity is reported as a decolorization assay applicable to both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants, including flavonoids, hydroxycinnamates, carotenoids, and plasma antioxidants.
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18,580 citations
TL;DR: 5-Aminosalicylate reacts promptly with DPPH, suggesting a potent radical scavenger activity and was found to be the most active in inhibiting Fe2+/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation, suggesting an antioxidant activity of chain-breaking type.
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2,497 citations
01 Jan 1992
2,177 citations
2,140 citations
"In Vitro Antioxidative Evaluation o..." refers background in this paper
...They react with protons in water solution to form hydrogen peroxide (9), which serve as a substrate for the generation of hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen [29]...
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TL;DR: Lycopene, a biologically occurring carotenoid, exhibits the highest physical quenching rate constant with singlet oxygen, and its plasma level is slightly higher than that of beta-carotene, but those compounds with low kq values occur at higher plasma levels.
Abstract: Lycopene, a biologically occurring carotenoid, exhibits the highest physical quenching rate constant with singlet oxygen (kq = 31 X 10(9) M-1 s-1), and its plasma level is slightly higher than that of beta-carotene (kq = 14 X 10(9) M-1 s-1). This is of considerable general interest, since nutritional carotenoids, particularly beta-carotene, and other antioxidants such as alpha-tocopherol (kq = 0.3 X 10(9) M-1 s-1) have been implicated in the defense against prooxidant states; epidemiological evidence reveals that such compounds exert a protective action against certain types of cancer. Also, albumin-bound bilirubin is a known singlet oxygen quencher (kq = 3.2 X 10(9) M-1 s-1). Interestingly, those compounds with low kq values occur at higher plasma levels. When these differences are taken into account, the singlet oxygen quenching capacities of lycopene (0.7 microM in plasma), beta-carotene (0.5 microM in plasma), albumin-bound bilirubin (15 microM in plasma), and alpha-tocopherol (22 microM in plasma) are of comparable magnitude.
2,135 citations
"In Vitro Antioxidative Evaluation o..." refers background in this paper
...A wellknown fact is that α- and β-carotene quench singlet oxygen with higher efficiency than many other antioxidants [8]....
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