Incoherent digital holograms acquired by interferenceless coded aperture correlation holography system without refractive lenses
TL;DR: In this paper, a random-like coded phase mask (CPM) is used to modulate light diffracted by a point object (pinhole) and the intensity pattern is recorded and composed as a point spread hologram (PSH).
Abstract: We present a lensless, interferenceless incoherent digital holography technique based on the principle of coded aperture correlation holography. The acquired digital hologram by this technique contains a three-dimensional image of some observed scene. Light diffracted by a point object (pinhole) is modulated using a random-like coded phase mask (CPM) and the intensity pattern is recorded and composed as a point spread hologram (PSH). A library of PSHs is created using the same CPM by moving the pinhole to all possible axial locations. Intensity diffracted through the same CPM from an object placed within the axial limits of the PSH library is recorded by a digital camera. The recorded intensity this time is composed as the object hologram. The image of the object at any axial plane is reconstructed by cross-correlating the object hologram with the corresponding component of the PSH library. The reconstruction noise attached to the image is suppressed by various methods. The reconstruction results of multiplane and thick objects by this technique are compared with regular lens-based imaging.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors survey the main milestones in the topic of self-interference incoherent digital holography from two main points of view, and discuss some of the key applications of these recorders in general, and for 3D super-resolution imaging, fluorescence microscopy, partial aperture imaging, seeing through a scattering medium, and spectral imaging in particular.
Abstract: Self-interference holography is a common technique to record holograms of incoherently illuminated scenes. In this review, we survey the main milestones in the topic of self-interference incoherent digital holography from two main points of view. First, we review the prime architectures of optical hologram recorders over more than 50 years. Second, we discuss some of the key applications of these recorders in the field of imaging in general, and for 3D super-resolution imaging, fluorescence microscopy, partial aperture imaging, seeing through a scattering medium, and spectral imaging in particular. We summarize this overview with a general perspective on this research topic and its prospective directions.
118 citations
TL;DR: This work considers the midway between the camera responses of a single point and of a continuous pattern over the entire camera area, yielding an image with a maximum product of the signal-to-noise ratio and the image visibility and a maximum value of structural similarity.
Abstract: Interferenceless coded aperture correlation holography (I-COACH) is an incoherent opto-digital technique for imaging 3D objects. In I-COACH, the light scattered from an object is modulated by a coded phase mask (CPM) and then recorded by a digital camera as an object digital hologram. To reconstruct the image, the object hologram is cross-correlated with the point spread function (PSF)-the intensity response to a point at the same object's axial location recorded with the same CPM. So far in I-COACH systems, the light from each object point has scattered over the whole camera area. Hence, the signal-to-noise ratio per camera pixel is lower in comparison to the direct imaging in which each point is imaged to a single image point. In this work, we consider the midway between the camera responses of a single point and of a continuous pattern over the entire camera area. The light in this study is focused onto a set of dots randomly distributed over the camera plane. With this technique, we show that there is a PSF with a best number of dots, yielding an image with a maximum product of the signal-to-noise ratio and the image visibility and a maximum value of structural similarity.
48 citations
TL;DR: The effectiveness of the proposed functional microscope system was verified in experiments using fluorescent microbeads and human lung cancer cells located at various defocused positions, and can be used for manipulating the states of cells in optogenetics.
Abstract: A new type of functional optical microscope system called three-dimensional (3D) stimulation and imaging-based functional optical microscopy (SIFOM) is proposed, to the best of our knowledge. SIFOM can precisely stimulate user-defined targeted biological cells and can simultaneously record the volumetric fluorescence distribution in a single acquisition. Precise and simultaneous stimulation of fluorescent-labeled biological cells is achieved by multiple 3D spots generated by digital holograms displayed on a phase-mode spatial light modulator. Single-shot 3D acquisition of the fluorescence distribution is accomplished by common-path off-axis incoherent digital holographic microscopy in which a diffraction grating with a focusing lens is displayed on another phase-mode spatial light modulator. The effectiveness of the proposed functional microscope system was verified in experiments using fluorescent microbeads and human lung cancer cells located at various defocused positions. The system can be used for manipulating the states of cells in optogenetics.
41 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a phase shifting holography for coherence waves in the Hanbury Brown and Twiss approach was proposed. But the method relies on the wave nature and interference of the coherence wave in the two-point intensity correlation.
Abstract: We report a phase shifting holography for coherence waves in the Hanbury Brown and Twiss approach. This technique relies on the wave nature and interference of the coherence waves in the two-point intensity correlation. Experimentation is carried out by recovery of the complex coherence using phase shifting in the intensity correlation. As an application, imaging of the phase target obscured by a random scattering medium is demonstrated, and the results are presented for three different cases. These results are also compared with imaging of the targets in absence of the scattering medium by a conventional phase shifting digital holography.
30 citations
TL;DR: This work takes the coded aperture correlation holography technique one step forward to record coherent digital holograms of three-dimensional scenes, without wave interference and in a motionless working mode, and enables fast image acquisition implied by its inherent high signal-to-noise ratio.
Abstract: Optical recording of digital holograms by coherent light traditionally involves interference between object and reference waves, which complicates the image acquisition process and decreases the power efficiency. In this work, we take the coded aperture correlation holography technique one step forward to record coherent digital holograms of three-dimensional scenes, without wave interference and in a motionless working mode. In addition to the explicit benefits of integrating interferenceless holographic imaging system with coherent illumination, the suggested method enables fast image acquisition implied by its inherent high signal-to-noise ratio. Experimental validation for diffusely reflective objects is also provided, making this relatively simple system appropriate for studying and using the speckle phenomena in coherent digital holography.
27 citations
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, an algorithm is presented for the rapid solution of the phase of the complete wave function whose intensity in the diffraction and imaging planes of an imaging system are known.
5,197 citations
TL;DR: A new method is proposed in which the distribution of complex amplitude at a plane is measured by phase-shifting interferometry and then Fresnel transformed by a digital computer, which can reconstruct an arbitrary cross section of a three-dimensional object with higher image quality and a wider viewing angle than from conventional digital holography using an off-axis configuration.
Abstract: A new method for three-dimensional image formation is proposed in which the distribution of complex amplitude at a plane is measured by phase-shifting interferometry and then Fresnel transformed by a digital computer. The method can reconstruct an arbitrary cross section of a three-dimensional object with higher image quality and a wider viewing angle than from conventional digital holography using an off-axis configuration. Basic principles and experimental verification are described.
1,813 citations
29 Jul 2007
TL;DR: A simple modification to a conventional camera is proposed to insert a patterned occluder within the aperture of the camera lens, creating a coded aperture, and introduces a criterion for depth discriminability which is used to design the preferred aperture pattern.
Abstract: A conventional camera captures blurred versions of scene information away from the plane of focus. Camera systems have been proposed that allow for recording all-focus images, or for extracting depth, but to record both simultaneously has required more extensive hardware and reduced spatial resolution. We propose a simple modification to a conventional camera that allows for the simultaneous recovery of both (a) high resolution image information and (b) depth information adequate for semi-automatic extraction of a layered depth representation of the image. Our modification is to insert a patterned occluder within the aperture of the camera lens, creating a coded aperture. We introduce a criterion for depth discriminability which we use to design the preferred aperture pattern. Using a statistical model of images, we can recover both depth information and an all-focus image from single photographs taken with the modified camera. A layered depth map is then extracted, requiring user-drawn strokes to clarify layer assignments in some cases. The resulting sharp image and layered depth map can be combined for various photographic applications, including automatic scene segmentation, post-exposure refocusing, or re-rendering of the scene from an alternate viewpoint.
1,489 citations
TL;DR: Techniques of digital holography are improved in order to obtain high-resolution, high-fidelity images of quantitative phase-contrast microscopy, and the angular spectrum method of calculating holographic optical field is seen to have significant advantages including tight control of spurious noise components.
Abstract: Techniques of digital holography are improved in order to obtain high-resolution, high-fidelity images of quantitative phase-contrast microscopy. In particular, the angular spectrum method of calculating holographic optical field is seen to have significant advantages including tight control of spurious noise components. Holographic phase images are obtained with 0.5 μm diffraction-limited lateral resolution and largely immune from the coherent noise common in other holographic techniques. The phase profile is accurate to about 30 nm of optical thickness. Images of SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells display intracellular and intranuclear organelles with clarity and quantitative accuracy.
651 citations
TL;DR: This lensless incoherent holographic microscope has orders-of-magnitude improved light collection efficiency and is very robust to mechanical misalignments it may offer a cost-effective tool especially for telemedicine applications involving various global health problems in resource limited settings.
Abstract: Despite the rapid progress in optical imaging, most of the advanced microscopy modalities still require complex and costly set-ups that unfortunately limit their use beyond well equipped laboratories. In the meantime, microscopy in resource-limited settings has requirements significantly different from those encountered in advanced laboratories, and such imaging devices should be cost-effective, compact, light-weight and appropriately accurate and simple to be usable by minimally trained personnel. Furthermore, these portable microscopes should ideally be digitally integrated as part of a telemedicine network that connects various mobile health-care providers to a central laboratory or hospital. Toward this end, here we demonstrate a lensless on-chip microscope weighing ∼46 grams with dimensions smaller than 4.2 cm × 4.2 cm × 5.8 cm that achieves sub-cellular resolution over a large field of view of ∼24 mm2. This compact and light-weight microscope is based on digital in-line holography and does not need any lenses, bulky optical/mechanical components or coherent sources such as lasers. Instead, it utilizes a simple light-emitting-diode (LED) and a compact opto-electronic sensor-array to record lensless holograms of the objects, which then permits rapid digital reconstruction of regular transmission or differential interference contrast (DIC) images of the objects. Because this lensless incoherent holographic microscope has orders-of-magnitude improved light collection efficiency and is very robust to mechanical misalignments it may offer a cost-effective tool especially for telemedicine applications involving various global health problems in resource limited settings.
463 citations