Book Chapter•
Income inequality and income mobility
01 Jan 2007-pp 2275-2277
About: The article was published on 2007-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 119 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Income distribution & Income inequality metrics.
Citations
More filters
Posted Content•
TL;DR: An empirical study shows that the proposed probabilistic method alleviates the over-specialization and concentration biases in common recommender systems by generating recommendation lists that are very different from the classical collaborative filtering approach and also increasing the aggregate diversity and mobility of recommendations.
Abstract: This paper presents a novel probabilistic method for recommending items in the neighborhood-based collaborative filtering framework For the probabilistic neighborhood selection phase, we use an efficient method for weighted sampling of k neighbors without replacement that also takes into consideration the similarity levels between the target user and the candidate neighbors We conduct an empirical study showing that the proposed method alleviates the over-specialization and concentration biases in common recommender systems by generating recommendation lists that are very different from the classical collaborative filtering approach and also increasing the aggregate diversity and mobility of recommendations We also demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms both the previously proposed user based k-nearest neighbors and k-furthest neighbors collaborative filtering approaches in terms of item prediction accuracy and utility based ranking measures across various experimental settings This accuracy performance improvement is in accordance with ensemble learning theory
9 citations
Cites methods from "Income inequality and income mobili..."
...Hence, in order to provide more evidence on whether the proposed approach could solve the concentration bias problem, we employed a mobility measure [12, 50] M to assess whether the proposed recommender system approach follows or changes the prior popularity of items when recommendation lists are generated....
[...]
31 Jan 2011
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that both childhood neighborhood conditions and family background influence the disease process and risk of hypertension later in life, and childhood neighborhood poverty and its attendant stressors play an influential role in shaping risks of onset of hypertension in middle-age.
Abstract: This paper investigates the role of family background and neighborhood conditions over the life course, particularly during childhood, in influencing health later in life, with a focus on the case of hypertension. Most of the black-white difference in life expectancy stem from racial differences in mortality rates prior to age 65. Thus, understanding sources of racial health disparities requires the investigation of exposures to socioeconomic conditions and risk factors earlier in the life cycle. Blacks' higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease-related risk factors account for more than half of the racial disparity in life expectancy (Barghaus, Cutler, Fryer, and Glaeser, 2007), with hypertension the leading culprit. For a US cohort born between 1951 and 1970, I produce nationally representative estimates of the onset of hypertension through mid-life by race/ethnicity, childhood socioeconomic status, and childhood neighborhood poverty. I provide evidence on the consequences of childhood neighborhood poverty on the risks of hypertension; this is the first such study of the full US population. I use nationally representative longitudinal data from the US spanning nearly four decades to estimate hazard models of onset of hypertension. The data set, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), has the additional unique feature of allowing analyses of siblings and child neighbors throughout much of their life course. I use the resemblance between neighboring children's subsequent likelihood of hypertension in adulthood in comparison to the similarity between siblings to bound the proportion of inequality in this health condition that can be attributed to disparities in neighborhood and family background. I estimate four-level hierarchical random effects hazard models of the onset of hypertension, which provide a better understanding of the relative importance of family and neighborhood backgrounds. The results demonstrate that both childhood neighborhood conditions and family background influence the disease process and risk of hypertension later in life. I find childhood neighborhood poverty and its attendant stressors play an influential role in shaping risks of onset of hypertension in middle-age. Other notable neighborhood factors that were shown to influence risks of onset of hypertension in adulthood include childhood neighborhood crime exposure and county per-pupil school expenditures. Notable family background factors include birth weight, parental health status, and parental socioeconomic status. These effects appear linked in part to low intergenerational economic mobility, particularly among blacks. The results indicate that racial differences in these early life neighborhood conditions and family background characteristics play a significant role in explaining racial …
8 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, a cross country comparison shows a negative relationship between total relative mobility and long-run income equalization, this results is contrary to the intuition given by Shorrocks [1978a] who stated, that higher relative mobility will cause higher equalization of incomes when the accounting period is extended.
Abstract: In this paper I want to shed light on two aspects of income mobility: relative total income mobility using the estimator by Fields and Ok [1999] and equalization of long-run incomes measured by the index of Fields [2004]. The cross country comparison shows a negative relationship between total relative mobility and long-run income equalization, this results is contrary to the intuition given by Shorrocks [1978a] who stated, that higher relative mobility will cause higher equalization of incomes when the accounting period is extended.
8 citations
Cites background or methods or result from "Income inequality and income mobili..."
...…comparison shows a negative relationship between total relative mobility and long-run income equalization, this result is contrary to the intuition given by Shorrocks (1978a) who stated that higher relative mobility will cause higher equalization of incomes when the accounting period is extended....
[...]
...As expected and already stated by Shorrocks (1978a) the equalization of long-term incomes gets stronger when the accounting period is extended....
[...]
...(Shorrocks, 1978a) This article challenges the second part of this statement using cross country evidence from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP)....
[...]
...This result certainly challenges the intuition given by Shorrocks (1978a), who claimed positive correlation....
[...]
...These measures convey the information required to challenge the statement by Shorrocks (1978a)....
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, a combination of rich administrative and household survey data was used to document a series of new facts on earnings inequality and dynamics in a developing country with a large informal sector: Brazil Since the mid-1990s, both inequality and volatility of earnings have declined significantly in Brazil's formal sector.
Abstract: Using a combination of rich administrative and household survey data, we document a series of new facts on earnings inequality and dynamics in a developing country with a large informal sector: Brazil Since the mid-1990s, both inequality and volatility of earnings have declined significantly in Brazil's formal sector Higher-order moments of the distribution of earnings innovations show similar cyclical movements in Brazil as in developed countries like the US Earnings mobility is comparatively high, especially at the bottom of the distribution Compared to the formal sector, earnings are more volatile in the informal sector Workers who switch between sectors experience earnings innovations that have a positive mean and are positively skewed when moving to the formal sector but have a negative mean and are negatively skewed when moving to the informal sector A secular shift of employment toward the less volatile formal sector since the early 2000s has contributed to a decline in the economy-wide volatility of earnings
8 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the relationship between annual and sub-annual inequality and mobility during the course of the year and showed that the mobility component of the decomposition, as measured by Gini correlation coefficients, changes over time.
Abstract: This paper studies the relationships between annual and subannual inequality and mobility during the course of the year. We apply an exact decomposition framework as outlined in Wodon and Yitzhaki (Econ Bull 4:1–8, 2003), and in Yitzhaki and Wodon (Research on Economic Inequality 12:179–199, 2004). Earnings records of pension insurants in Germany serve as the database. The long time horizon of our database allows us to investigate the stability and robustness of the parameters of the decomposition over time. Specifically, we show that the mobility component of the decomposition, as measured by Gini correlation coefficients, changes over the observation period. This makes it difficult to predict the impact of the income accounting period on inequality in a more general context. Thus, it is of paramount importance to use income data from a uniform accounting period in distributional analyses.
7 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: This article used Social Security Administration longitudinal earnings micro data since 1937 to analyze the evolution of inequality and mobility in the United States and found that long-term mobility among all workers has increased since the 1950s but has slightly declined among men.
Abstract: This paper uses Social Security Administration longitudinal earnings micro data since 1937 to analyze the evolution of inequality and mobility in the United States. Annual earnings inequality is U-shaped, decreasing sharply up to 1953 and increasing steadily afterward. Short-term earnings mobility measures are stable over the full period except for a temporary surge during World War II. Virtually all of the increase in the variance in annual (log) earnings since 1970 is due to increase in the variance of permanent earnings (as opposed to transitory earnings). Mobility at the top of the earnings distribution is stable and has not mitigated the dramatic increase in annual earnings concentration since the 1970s. Long-term mobility among all workers has increased since the 1950s but has slightly declined among men. The decrease in the gender earnings gap and the resulting substantial increase in upward mobility over a lifetime for women are the driving force behind the increase in long-term mobility among all workers.
546 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors estimate trends in intergenerational economic mobility by matching men in the Census to synthetic parents in the prior generation, finding that mobility increased from 1950 to 1980 but has declined sharply since 1980.
Abstract: We estimate trends in intergenerational economic mobility by matching men in the Census to synthetic parents in the prior generation. We find that mobility increased from 1950 to 1980 but has declined sharply since 1980. While our estimator places greater weight on location effects than the standard intergenerational coefficient, the size of the bias appears to be small. Our preferred results suggest that earnings are regressing to the mean more slowly now than at any time since World War II, causing economic differences between families to become more persistent. However, current rates of positional mobility appear historically normal.
239 citations
TL;DR: Gender- and age-related changes in sexual orientation identity from early adolescence through emerging adulthood in 13,840 youth ages 12–25 employing mobility measure M, a measure modified from its original application for econometrics is described.
Abstract: This study investigated stability and change in self-reported sexual orientation identity over time in youth. We describe gender- and age-related changes in sexual orientation identity from early adolescence through emerging adulthood in 13,840 youth ages 12–25 employing mobility measure M, a measure we modified from its original application for econometrics. Using prospective data from a large, ongoing cohort of U.S. adolescents, we examined mobility in sexual orientation identity in youth with up to four waves of data. Ten percent of males and 20% of females at some point described themselves as a sexual minority, while 2% of both males and females reported ever being “unsure” of their orientation. Two novel findings emerged regarding gender and mobility: (1) Although mobility scores were quite low for the full cohort, females reported significantly higher mobility than did males. (2) As expected, for sexual minorities, mobility scores were appreciably higher than for the full cohort; however, the gender difference appeared to be eliminated, indicating that changing reported sexual orientation identity throughout adolescence occurred at a similar rate in female and male sexual minorities. In addition, we found that, of those who described themselves as “unsure” of their orientation identity at any point, 66% identified as completely heterosexual at other reports and never went on to describe themselves as a sexual minority. Age was positively associated with endorsing a sexual-minority orientation identity. We discuss substantive and methodological implications of our findings for understanding development of sexual orientation identity in young people.
193 citations
[...]
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: In this article, the authors survey the literature on income mobility, aiming to provide an integrated discussion of mobility within and between-generations, and review mobility concepts, descriptive devices, measurement methods, data sources, and recent empirical evidence.
Abstract: We survey the literature on income mobility, aiming to provide an integrated discussion of mobility within- and between-generations. We review mobility concepts, descriptive devices, measurement methods, data sources, and recent empirical evidence.
156 citations
TL;DR: This article developed a new class of measures of mobility as an equalizer of longer-term incomes, a concept different from other notions such as mobility as time-independence, positional movement, share movement, income flux, and directional income movement.
Abstract: This paper develops a new class of measures of mobility as an equalizer of longer-term incomes—a concept different from other notions such as mobility as time-independence, positional movement, share movement, income flux, and directional income movement. A number of properties are specified leading to a class of indices, one easily-implementable member of which is applied to data for the USA and France. Using this index, income mobility is found to have equalized longer-term earnings among US men in the 1970s but not in the 1980s or 1990s. In France, though, income mobility was equalizing throughout, and it has attained its maximum in the most recent period.
150 citations