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Book Chapter

Income inequality and income mobility

01 Jan 2007-pp 2275-2277
About: The article was published on 2007-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 119 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Income distribution & Income inequality metrics.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of family risk attitudes in intergenerational mobility in incomes and education was analyzed based on data of sons and fathers from the German Socio-economic Panel Survey.
Abstract: This paper analyses the role of family risk attitudes in intergenerational mobility in incomes and education Based on 1984-2009 data of sons and fathers from the German Socio-Economic Panel Survey, there is evidence suggesting that sons with risk taking fathers have a significantly higher educational mobility and persistently higher income mobility than peers with risk averse fathers They obtain significantly higher levels of education, which would be justified by modest evidence on higher returns to education The relationship seems more complex for sons’ own risk attitudes Risk taking sons experience higher educational mobility, but there is no difference in income mobility to risk averse sons There are no considerable differences in the levels of education, but modest evidence suggesting lower returns to education for risk taking sons The findings improve the understanding of the intergenerational transmission mechanism of economic status and show that family risk attitudes impact economic mobility The study suggests an important intergenerational link between fathers’ risk attitudes and sons’ levels of education, which has not received much attention in the literature

2 citations


Cites background from "Income inequality and income mobili..."

  • ...Where mobility is restricted, the degree and persistence of inequality is more pronounced (e.g. Shorrocks, 1978, Atkinson, 1981)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on individual income mobility among Russians in the years 2009-2017, as measured objectively and subjectively, as compared to member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
Abstract: The article focuses on individual income mobility among Russians in the years 2009–2017, as measured objectively and subjectively. As in previous periods of post-Soviet development, income mobility in Russia remains high. In comparison to member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), income mobility in Russia is higher, while the level of persistent well-being is lower. Subjective assessments of one’s income situation are even more volatile than objective positions on an income scale, with persistent subjective well-being almost non-existent. Furthermore, subjective mobility does not correlate closely with its objective counterpart. Persistent well-being in terms of objective and subjective income is determined by a combination of class and non-class factors, including, above all, labor market position, dependency burden, and health status

2 citations


Cites background from "Income inequality and income mobili..."

  • ...High mobility between social positions can partially compensate for the inequality that exists between them (Shorrocks 1978)....

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  • ...This can lead to vulnerability and cause social tension as well as prevent the spread of rational behavioral strategies that require mid- or long-term planning (Shorrocks 1978; Jäntti & Jenkins 2015)....

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  • ...This can lead to vulnerability and cause social tension as well as prevent the spread of rational behavioral strategies that require mid- or long-term planning (Shorrocks 1978; Jäntti & Jenkins 2015)....

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Dissertation
01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the overlooked issue of vertical equity in health care delivery and suggest an extension to this measure that takes into account the full distribution of needs in a population, and apply their suggested methods to measure inequity in individual level and in area level health care provision in England.
Abstract: In this thesis we examine the overlooked issue of vertical equity in health care delivery. This principle requires that individuals with unequal needs receive appropriately unequal treatment. Most analyses of equity in health care delivery focus only on horizontal equity, i.e. the principle of equal treatment for equal needs. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to assess and refine the techniques to investigate vertical inequity, and to offer evidence about vertical equity in the English health care system. The extent of inequalities in health is first investigated. We find persistent inequalities in health in England. We then illustrate the methods widely used in the literature to explore horizontal inequity in health care and highlight a major limitation; these studies ignore the possibility that the estimated differential treatment received by individuals with different needs is inappropriate. In order to identify the methods used to date to measure vertical equity we review the empirical literature. The most comprehensive techniques identified focused on the socioeconomic dimension of vertical inequity. We illustrate these techniques and suggest an extension to this measure that takes into account the full distribution of needs in a population. We apply our suggested methods to measure inequity in individual level and in area level health care provision in England. The optimal variation of health care with variation in needs is estimated based on subgroups less likely to be affected by unmet needs. The findings of this thesis indicate that there is vertical inequity in detriment to socioeconomic deprived groups and, to a larger extent, in detriment to those with larger needs. We show that including vertical inequity aspects may lead us to draw different conclusions about the nature and extent of inequity. Therefore, conclusions about inequities in health care are extensively being made on the basis of incomplete information.

2 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
03 Oct 2011
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied Shorrocks' and Blackwell's ordering in a semiring of monotone doubly stochastic matrices and proved that these two orderings are compatible with Dardanoni's partial ordering on a set of matrices.
Abstract: The paper studies Shorrocks' and Blackwell's ordering in a semiring of monotone doubly stochastic matrices. It gives the relationship between these two orderings, and it is proven that these orderings are compatible with Dardanoni's partial ordering on a set of monotone matrices.

2 citations


Cites background from "Income inequality and income mobili..."

  • ...In Shorrocks’ approach [18, 19] income mobility is observed through the temporal path of income distribution among identified individuals in a given society....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper analyzed data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics from 1968 to 2017 to investigate the extent, trends and explanations of gender inequality in lifetime earnings both within and across five birth cohorts born between 1930 and 1979.
Abstract: Abstract:Although vast, most research on gender earnings gaps uses cross-sectional data for year-round full-time workers; therefore, little is known about the dynamics of gender inequality in lifetime earnings. To address this lacuna, this article analyzes data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics from 1968 to 2017, to investigate the extent, trends and explanations of gender inequality in lifetime earnings both within and across five birth cohorts born between 1930 and 1979. I find that the lifetime gap sharply declined until the 1960s birth cohort, with little change thereafter. Unpacking trends throughout the lifecycle shows that this stalled gender convergence is driven by increasing gender earnings inequality throughout the prime working years of those born in the 1960s and 1970s. Decomposition of the lifetime earnings gap further reveals that gender differences in the number of hours worked throughout one's working life is a more important factor for younger rather than older generations—despite gender convergence in lifetime labor force attachment across cohorts. On the other hand, gender inequality in stop-outs during early career has become a less relevant factor in explaining earnings differences for younger generations. These findings draw attention to the value of examining gender inequality as a cumulative long-term process.

1 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article used Social Security Administration longitudinal earnings micro data since 1937 to analyze the evolution of inequality and mobility in the United States and found that long-term mobility among all workers has increased since the 1950s but has slightly declined among men.
Abstract: This paper uses Social Security Administration longitudinal earnings micro data since 1937 to analyze the evolution of inequality and mobility in the United States. Annual earnings inequality is U-shaped, decreasing sharply up to 1953 and increasing steadily afterward. Short-term earnings mobility measures are stable over the full period except for a temporary surge during World War II. Virtually all of the increase in the variance in annual (log) earnings since 1970 is due to increase in the variance of permanent earnings (as opposed to transitory earnings). Mobility at the top of the earnings distribution is stable and has not mitigated the dramatic increase in annual earnings concentration since the 1970s. Long-term mobility among all workers has increased since the 1950s but has slightly declined among men. The decrease in the gender earnings gap and the resulting substantial increase in upward mobility over a lifetime for women are the driving force behind the increase in long-term mobility among all workers.

546 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors estimate trends in intergenerational economic mobility by matching men in the Census to synthetic parents in the prior generation, finding that mobility increased from 1950 to 1980 but has declined sharply since 1980.
Abstract: We estimate trends in intergenerational economic mobility by matching men in the Census to synthetic parents in the prior generation. We find that mobility increased from 1950 to 1980 but has declined sharply since 1980. While our estimator places greater weight on location effects than the standard intergenerational coefficient, the size of the bias appears to be small. Our preferred results suggest that earnings are regressing to the mean more slowly now than at any time since World War II, causing economic differences between families to become more persistent. However, current rates of positional mobility appear historically normal.

239 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Gender- and age-related changes in sexual orientation identity from early adolescence through emerging adulthood in 13,840 youth ages 12–25 employing mobility measure M, a measure modified from its original application for econometrics is described.
Abstract: This study investigated stability and change in self-reported sexual orientation identity over time in youth. We describe gender- and age-related changes in sexual orientation identity from early adolescence through emerging adulthood in 13,840 youth ages 12–25 employing mobility measure M, a measure we modified from its original application for econometrics. Using prospective data from a large, ongoing cohort of U.S. adolescents, we examined mobility in sexual orientation identity in youth with up to four waves of data. Ten percent of males and 20% of females at some point described themselves as a sexual minority, while 2% of both males and females reported ever being “unsure” of their orientation. Two novel findings emerged regarding gender and mobility: (1) Although mobility scores were quite low for the full cohort, females reported significantly higher mobility than did males. (2) As expected, for sexual minorities, mobility scores were appreciably higher than for the full cohort; however, the gender difference appeared to be eliminated, indicating that changing reported sexual orientation identity throughout adolescence occurred at a similar rate in female and male sexual minorities. In addition, we found that, of those who described themselves as “unsure” of their orientation identity at any point, 66% identified as completely heterosexual at other reports and never went on to describe themselves as a sexual minority. Age was positively associated with endorsing a sexual-minority orientation identity. We discuss substantive and methodological implications of our findings for understanding development of sexual orientation identity in young people.

193 citations

01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: In this article, the authors survey the literature on income mobility, aiming to provide an integrated discussion of mobility within and between-generations, and review mobility concepts, descriptive devices, measurement methods, data sources, and recent empirical evidence.
Abstract: We survey the literature on income mobility, aiming to provide an integrated discussion of mobility within- and between-generations. We review mobility concepts, descriptive devices, measurement methods, data sources, and recent empirical evidence.

156 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article developed a new class of measures of mobility as an equalizer of longer-term incomes, a concept different from other notions such as mobility as time-independence, positional movement, share movement, income flux, and directional income movement.
Abstract: This paper develops a new class of measures of mobility as an equalizer of longer-term incomes—a concept different from other notions such as mobility as time-independence, positional movement, share movement, income flux, and directional income movement. A number of properties are specified leading to a class of indices, one easily-implementable member of which is applied to data for the USA and France. Using this index, income mobility is found to have equalized longer-term earnings among US men in the 1970s but not in the 1980s or 1990s. In France, though, income mobility was equalizing throughout, and it has attained its maximum in the most recent period.

150 citations