Incorporation of carbon atoms from glucose into free amino acids in brain under normal and altered conditions.
TL;DR: The time course of entry of radioactive carbon from intravenously administered [U-14C]-glucose into free amino acids in the brains of rats has been studied using an automatic amino acid analyzer coupled through a flow cell with a scintillation counter.
Abstract: The time course of entry of radioactive carbon from intravenously administered [U-14C]-glucose into free amino acids in the brains of rats has been studied using an automatic amino acid analyzer coupled through a flow cell with a scintillation counter. Radioactivity appeared rapidly in alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, and γ-aminobutyric acid as previously shown, and in an unknown ninhydrin-positive substance present in very small amount. Urea, serine, and glycine became slightly radioactive. Four hours after giving the radioactive glucose, the specific activity in all soluble substances was low. In pentobarbital anesthesia, specific radioactivity was increased in alanine and decreased in γ-aminobutyric acid, aspartic and glutamic acids, and glutamine. A high proportion of radioactivity remained in glucose. Under hypoxia, alanine increased in amount but decreased in specific activity, and the specific activities of the other strongly labelled amino acids decreased. The proportion of the to...
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TL;DR: Glucose is the long-established, obligatory fuel for brain that fulfills many critical functions, including ATP production, oxidative stress management, and synthesis of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and structural components.
Abstract: Glucose is the long-established, obligatory fuel for brain that fulfills many critical functions, including ATP production, oxidative stress management, and synthesis of neurotransmitters, neuromod...
377 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is accumulating that, in the brain, the amino–acids L-glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are essential agents of communication and not just elements of an alternate metabolic pathway, as was generally believed for some years.
Abstract: Evidence is accumulating that, in the brain, the amino–acids L-glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are essential agents of communication and not just elements of an alternate metabolic pathway, as was generally believed for some years.
258 citations
TL;DR: Hypoxia in experimental animal models demonstrates that the pathophysiology is complex, and pharmacologic and physiologic studies in man and experimental animals are consistent with acetylcholine having an important role in mediating the cerebral effects of mild hypoxia, raising the possibility that treatments directed to cholinergic or other central neurotransmitter systems may benefit patients with cerebral syndromes secondary to chronic Hypoxia.
242 citations
TL;DR: Coincident with the postnatal rise in fatty acid activation and palmitylcarnitine transferase activity in developing rats, the oxidation of palmityl-CoA plus carnitine and of Palmitylc Carnitine increased from barely measurable levels at birth to adult levels by 30 days of age.
144 citations