Journal ArticleDOI
Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self: Self-enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan.
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TLDR
In support of the collective constructionist theory of the self, 2 studies showed that American situations are relatively conducive to self-enhancement and American people are relatively likely to engage in self- enhancement and, second, that Japanese situations are comparatively conducive toSelf-criticism and Japanese people are comparatively likely to engaging in self -criticism.Abstract:
A collective constructionist theory of the self proposes that many psychological processes, including enhancement of the self (pervasive in the United States) and criticism and subsequent improvement of the self (widespread in Japan), result from and support the very ways in which social acts and situations are collectively defined and subjectively experienced in the respective cultural contexts. In support of the theory, 2 studies showed, first, that American situations are relatively conducive to self-enhancement and American people are relatively likely to engage in self-enhancement and, second, that Japanese situations are relatively conducive to self-criticism and Japanese people are relatively likely to engage in self-criticism. Implications are discussed for the collective construction of psychological processes implicated in the self and, more generally, for the mutual constitution of culture and the self.read more
Citations
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In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.
Abstract: Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index
Journal ArticleDOI
Rethinking individualism and collectivism: evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses.
TL;DR: European Americans were found to be both more individualistic-valuing personal independence more-and less collectivistic-feeling duty to in-groups less-than others, and among Asians, only Chinese showed large effects, being both less individualistic and more collectivist.
Journal ArticleDOI
Self-Compassion: An Alternative Conceptualization of a Healthy Attitude Toward Oneself
TL;DR: Self-compassion is an emotionally positive self-attitude that should protect against the negative consequences of self-judgment, isolation, and rumination (such as depression), and counter the tendencies towards narcissism, self-centeredness, and downward social comparison that have been associated with attempts to maintain selfesteem as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
Differences Between Tight and Loose Cultures: A 33-Nation Study
Michele J. Gelfand,Jana L. Raver,Lisa Hisae Nishii,Lisa Art. Leslie,Janetta Lun,Beng-Chong Lim,Lili Duan,Assaf Almaliach,Soon Ang,Jakobina Arnadottir,Zeynep Aycan,Klaus Boehnke,Paweł Boski,Rosa Cabecinhas,Darius K.-S. Chan,Jagdeep S. Chhokar,Alessia D'Amato,Montse Ferrer,Iris C. Fischlmayr,Ronald Fischer,Márta Fülöp,James Georgas,Emiko S. Kashima,Yoshishima Kashima,Kibum Kim,Alain Lempereur,Patricia Márquez,Rozhan Othman,Bert Overlaet,Penny Panagiotopoulou,Karl Peltzer,Lorena R. Perez-Florizno,Larisa Ponomarenko,Anu Realo,Vidar Schei,Manfred Schmitt,Peter B. Smith,Nazar Soomro,Erna Szabo,Nalinee Taveesin,Midori Toyama,Evert Van de Vliert,Naharika Vohra,Colleen Ward,Susumu Yamaguchi +44 more
TL;DR: The differences across cultures in the enforcement of conformity may reflect their specific histories and advances knowledge that can foster cross-cultural understanding in a world of increasing global interdependence and has implications for modeling cultural change.
Book ChapterDOI
Warmth and Competence As Universal Dimensions of Social Perception: The Stereotype Content Model and the BIAS Map
TL;DR: The stereotype content model (SCM) as mentioned in this paper defines two fundamental dimensions of social perception, warmth and competence, predicted respectively by perceived competition and status, which generate distinct emotions of admiration, contempt, envy, and pity.
References
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Book
The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life
TL;DR: For instance, in the case of an individual in the presence of others, it can be seen as a form of involuntary expressive behavior as discussed by the authors, where the individual will have to act so that he intentionally or unintentionally expresses himself, and the others will in turn have to be impressed in some way by him.
Journal ArticleDOI
Outline of a Theory of Practice
TL;DR: Bourdieu as mentioned in this paper develops a theory of practice which is simultaneously a critique of the methods and postures of social science and a general account of how human action should be understood.
Journal ArticleDOI
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
TL;DR: Theories of the self from both psychology and anthropology are integrated to define in detail the difference between a construal of self as independent and a construpal of the Self as interdependent as discussed by the authors, and these divergent construals should have specific consequences for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Book
Handbook of social psychology
TL;DR: In this paper, Neuberg and Heine discuss the notion of belonging, acceptance, belonging, and belonging in the social world, and discuss the relationship between friendship, membership, status, power, and subordination.