Individual Entrepreneurial Intent: Construct Clarification and Development of an Internationally Reliable Metric:
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Additional excerpts
...At the measurement level, researchers have used different measures to operationalize EI and its determinants (Shook et al., 2003; Thompson, 2009)....
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720 citations
Cites background from "Individual Entrepreneurial Intent: ..."
...2009), or an EI scale (Thompson 2009)....
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...Two of these papers are more limited in scope in that they build and test either a multi-dimensional entrepreneurial self-efficacy instrument (McGee et al. 2009), or an EI scale (Thompson 2009)....
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...Finally, two additional papers focus on methodological issues, developing and validating either a complete questionnaire – entrepreneurial intention questionnaire (EIQ) – to measure TPB constructs (Liñán and Chen 2009) or specifically an EI scale (Thompson 2009)....
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698 citations
Cites background from "Individual Entrepreneurial Intent: ..."
...The latter, in turn, could be defined as the self-acknowledged conviction by a person that they intend to set up a new business venture and consciously plan to do so at some point in the future (Thompson 2009)....
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...The latter, in turn, could be defined as the selfacknowledged conviction by a person that they intend to set up a new business venture and consciously plan to do so at some point in the future (Thompson 2009)....
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532 citations
526 citations
Cites background from "Individual Entrepreneurial Intent: ..."
...In a balanced scale all the item stems are positively worded; however, half of the items measure in one direction of the trait whereas the other half measure in the opposite direction (Thompson 2009)....
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...Comparisons between these works become quite problematic, since differences among construct measures are sometimes substantial (Thompson 2009)....
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...Nevertheless, some conflicts have arisen from differences in measures used, as there are not standard measurement instruments for entrepreneurial intention and its antecedents (Armitage and Conner 2001; Liñán and Chen 2009; Thompson, 2009)....
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References
65,095 citations
"Individual Entrepreneurial Intent: ..." refers background in this paper
...…by those who might not previously have consciously planned to become entrepreneurs, but even then, as motivational theories of behavior suggest (Ajzen, 1991; Fishbein, 1967), the exploitation of such inadvertently discovered opportunities through starting a firm begins, nevertheless, with…...
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...Such models suggest theoretical continuums of new venture creation stages and concomitant activities that generally begin with individual entrepreneurial intent, in line with Ajzen’s (1991) model of planned behavior. Katz and Gartner (1988), for instance, propose that an initial stage of entrepreneurial intent is followed by a phase of assembling necessary resources. Krueger (1993) posits that entrepreneurial intentions precede the search by budding entrepreneurs for business opportunities. Shook et al. (2003, p. 381) advance a four-stage process that begins with entrepreneurial intent, progresses through business opportunity searching, then a decision phase when opportunity exploitation via a start-up is decided upon, and then, finally, a phase of undertaking activities to set up a firm to grasp identified opportunities. Reynolds et al. (2004, p. 265) propose a sequential scheme in which intending entrepreneurs first “conceive” a business start-up idea, which then goes through a “gestation” period of start-up processes before the actual “birth” of the “infant” firm. These conceptual models of new business formation have proven difficult empirically to establish generally, perhaps because each is somewhat more neatly sequential than available evidence suggests is the messier, nonlinear procedural reality of specific new business formations (Bhave, 1994). Reynolds and Miller (1992), for example, find that the sequencing of new business formation can follow several patterns, and Carter et al....
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...Such models suggest theoretical continuums of new venture creation stages and concomitant activities that generally begin with individual entrepreneurial intent, in line with Ajzen’s (1991) model of planned behavior. Katz and Gartner (1988), for instance, propose that an initial stage of entrepreneurial intent is followed by a phase of assembling necessary resources. Krueger (1993) posits that entrepreneurial intentions precede the search by budding entrepreneurs for business opportunities....
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...Such models suggest theoretical continuums of new venture creation stages and concomitant activities that generally begin with individual entrepreneurial intent, in line with Ajzen’s (1991) model of planned behavior. Katz and Gartner (1988), for instance, propose that an initial stage of entrepreneurial intent is followed by a phase of assembling necessary resources. Krueger (1993) posits that entrepreneurial intentions precede the search by budding entrepreneurs for business opportunities. Shook et al. (2003, p. 381) advance a four-stage process that begins with entrepreneurial intent, progresses through business opportunity searching, then a decision phase when opportunity exploitation via a start-up is decided upon, and then, finally, a phase of undertaking activities to set up a firm to grasp identified opportunities. Reynolds et al. (2004, p. 265) propose a sequential scheme in which intending entrepreneurs first “conceive” a business start-up idea, which then goes through a “gestation” period of start-up processes before the actual “birth” of the “infant” firm. These conceptual models of new business formation have proven difficult empirically to establish generally, perhaps because each is somewhat more neatly sequential than available evidence suggests is the messier, nonlinear procedural reality of specific new business formations (Bhave, 1994). Reynolds and Miller (1992), for example, find that the sequencing of new business formation can follow several patterns, and Carter et al. (1996) show that what activities are undertaken, and when, varies considerably in the process of creating a new business....
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...Such models suggest theoretical continuums of new venture creation stages and concomitant activities that generally begin with individual entrepreneurial intent, in line with Ajzen’s (1991) model of planned behavior....
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"Individual Entrepreneurial Intent: ..." refers background or methods in this paper
...This was checked using the cross-group structural model factorial invariance procedure suggested by Byrne (2001)....
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...90, thereby indicating adequate model fit (Byrne, 2001; Hair, Anderson, Tatham, & Black, 1998). The scale’s summated mean was 3.11 (SD 1.20), significantly below the hypothetical midpoint of 3.50 (t = -3.36; p < .001). As the sample comprised nearly 50% students, and in view of Chen et al.’s (1998) imprecation of the reliance on student samples in entrepreneurship research, separate analyses of the student and nonstudent respondents were undertaken....
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...90, thereby indicating adequate model fit (Byrne, 2001; Hair, Anderson, Tatham, & Black, 1998)....
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...Confirmatory factor analysis further supported unidimensionality, with goodness of fit, adjusted goodness of fit, normed fit, and relative fit indices each well above .90, thereby indicating adequate model fit (Byrne, 2001; Hair, Anderson, Tatham, & Black, 1998)....
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14,482 citations
"Individual Entrepreneurial Intent: ..." refers background in this paper
...A further consideration was to produce a metric ameliorating two measurement-biasing but reducible forms of method variance (Podsakoff & Organ, 1986)....
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