Indoor air quality and energy management through real-time sensing in commercial buildings
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the fundamental drivers behind the rise of sensing technology for the management of energy and IAQ in urban built environments, highlights major challenges for their large-scale deployment and identifies the research gaps that should be closed by future investigations.
About: This article is published in Energy and Buildings.The article was published on 2016-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 115 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Energy consumption & Energy management.
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01 Jan 2010
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the design and implementation of a presence sensor platform that can be used for accurate occupancy detection at the level of individual offices, which is low-cost, wireless, and incrementally deployable within existing buildings.
Abstract: Buildings are among the largest consumers of electricity in the US. A significant portion of this energy use in buildings can be attributed to HVAC systems used to maintain comfort for occupants. In most cases these building HVAC systems run on fixed schedules and do not employ any fine grained control based on detailed occupancy information. In this paper we present the design and implementation of a presence sensor platform that can be used for accurate occupancy detection at the level of individual offices. Our presence sensor is low-cost, wireless, and incrementally deployable within existing buildings. Using a pilot deployment of our system across ten offices over a two week period we identify significant opportunities for energy savings due to periods of vacancy. Our energy measurements show that our presence node has an estimated battery lifetime of over five years, while detecting occupancy accurately. Furthermore, using a building simulation framework and the occupancy information from our testbed, we show potential energy savings from 10% to 15% using our system.
489 citations
TL;DR: The performance characteristics of several low-cost particle and gas monitoring sensors are reviewed and recommendations to end-users for making proper sensor selection are provided by summarizing the capabilities and limitations of such sensors.
323 citations
TL;DR: A systemic review of how indoor sensors influence in managing optimal energy saving, thermal comfort, visual comfort, and indoor air quality in the built environment is provided.
171 citations
TL;DR: This review critically assessed the state-of-the-art of the indoor air pollution problem and prevention strategies, along with the recent advances in physical-chemical and biological technologies for indoor pollutants abatement.
164 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review summarizes current findings on the effect of measured environmental parameters on indoor air quality, individual thermal comfort and living behavior in smart homes with focus on central Europe.
Abstract: Global climate change, demographic change and advancing mechanization of everyday life will go along with new ways of living. Temperature extremes, an ageing society and higher demands on a comfortable life will lead to the implementation of sensor based networks in order to create acceptable and improved living conditions. Originally, the idea of the smart home served primarily the efficient use of energy and the optimization of ventilation technology connected with new ways of constructing buildings (low-energy and passive houses, respectively). Today the term 'smart home' is also linked with the networking of home automation systems, home appliances and communications and entertainment electronics. Living in a smart home often makes also significant demands on the occupants who are required to drastically change some of their living habits. This review summarizes current findings on the effect of measured environmental parameters on indoor air quality, individual thermal comfort and living behavior in smart homes with focus on central Europe. A critical evaluation of available sensor technologies, their application in homes and data security aspects as well as limits and possibilities of current technologies to control particles and gaseous pollutants indoors is included. The review also considers the acceptance of smart technologies by occupants in terms of living habits, perceived indoor air quality and data security.
158 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed available information concerning energy consumption in buildings, and particularly related to HVAC systems, and compared different types of building types and end uses in different countries.
5,288 citations
"Indoor air quality and energy manag..." refers background in this paper
...buildings [1]; of which, up to ~40% is consumed by commercial buildings [2]....
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11 Aug 2003
TL;DR: The history of research in sensor networks over the past three decades is traced, including two important programs of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) spanning this period: the Distributed Sensor Networks (DSN) and the Sensor Information Technology (SensIT) programs.
Abstract: Wireless microsensor networks have been identified as one of the most important technologies for the 21st century. This paper traces the history of research in sensor networks over the past three decades, including two important programs of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) spanning this period: the Distributed Sensor Networks (DSN) and the Sensor Information Technology (SensIT) programs. Technology trends that impact the development of sensor networks are reviewed, and new applications such as infrastructure security, habitat monitoring, and traffic control are presented. Technical challenges in sensor network development include network discovery, control and routing, collaborative signal and information processing, tasking and querying, and security. The paper concludes by presenting some recent research results in sensor network algorithms, including localized algorithms and directed diffusion, distributed tracking in wireless ad hoc networks, and distributed classification using local agents.
3,269 citations
"Indoor air quality and energy manag..." refers background in this paper
...ad hoc networks pose additional technical challenges in network connection, network control and routing, collaborative information processing, querying, and tasking [110]....
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Book•
22 Apr 2011
TL;DR: Real-Time Systems offers a splendid example for the balanced, integrated treatment of systems and software engineering, helping readers tackle the hardest problems of advanced real-time system design, such as determinism, compositionality, timing and fault management.
Abstract: "This book is a comprehensive text for the design of safety critical, hard real-time embedded systems. It offers a splendid example for the balanced, integrated treatment of systems and software engineering, helping readers tackle the hardest problems of advanced real-time system design, such as determinism, compositionality, timing and fault management. This book is an essential reading for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in a wide range of disciplines impacted by embedded computing and software. Its conceptual clarity, the style of explanations and the examples make the abstract conceptsaccessible for a wide audience."Janos Sztipanovits, DirectorE. Bronson Ingram Distinguished Professor of EngineeringInstitute for Software Integrated SystemsVanderbilt UniversityReal-Time Systems focuses on hard real-time systems, which are computing systems that must meet their temporal specification in all anticipated load and fault scenarios. The book stresses the system aspects of distributed real-time applications, treating the issues of real-time, distribution and fault-tolerance from an integral point of view. A unique cross-fertilization of ideas and concepts between the academic and industrial worlds has led to the inclusion of many insightful examples from industry to explain the fundamental scientific concepts in a real-world setting. Compared to the first edition, new developments incomplexity management,energy and power management, dependability, security, andthe internet of things, are addressed. The book is written as a standard textbook for a high-level undergraduate or graduate course on real-time embedded systems or cyber-physical systems. Its practical approach to solving real-time problems, along with numerous summary exercises, makes it an excellent choice for researchers and practitioners alike.
2,147 citations
"Indoor air quality and energy manag..." refers background in this paper
...remote sensor data and to control the physical world from a distance [47]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between indoor air pollution and health has been investigated, and the effects of exposure to combustion products from heating, cooking, and smoking of tobacco have been examined.
1,225 citations
"Indoor air quality and energy manag..." refers background in this paper
...pollutants, including gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM) of various sizes, and an array of organic compounds which can be in both particle and gaseous phase [8, 9]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the main aims are 1) to enable computers to facilitate formulative thinking as they now facilitate the solution of formulated problems, and 2) to allow men and computers to cooperate in making decisions and controlling complex situations without inflexible dependence on predetermined programs.
Abstract: Man-computer symbiosis is an expected development in cooperative interaction between men and electronic computers. It will involve very close coupling between the human and the electronic members of the partnership. The main aims are 1) to let computers facilitate formulative thinking as they now facilitate the solution of formulated problems, and 2) to enable men and computers to cooperate in making decisions and controlling complex situations without inflexible dependence on predetermined programs. In the anticipated symbiotic partnership, men will set the goals, formulate the hypotheses, determine the criteria, and perform the evaluations. Computing machines will do the routinizable work that must be done to prepare the way for insights and decisions in technical and scientific thinking. Preliminary analyses indicate that the symbiotic partnership will perform intellectual operations much more effectively than man alone can perform them. Prerequisites for the achievement of the effective, cooperative association include developments in computer time sharing, in memory components, in memory organization, in programming languages, and in input and output equipment.
1,178 citations