Industrial applications of microbial lipases
TL;DR: Various industrial applications of microbial lipases in the detergent, food, flavour industry, biocatalytic resolution of pharmaceuticals, esters and amino acid derivatives, making of fine chemicals, agrochemicals, use as biosensor, bioremediation and cosmetics and perfumery are described.
About: This article is published in Enzyme and Microbial Technology.The article was published on 2006-06-26. It has received 1753 citations till now.
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TL;DR: The development and attributes of several established and emerging industrial applications for immobilized enzymes, including high-fructose corn syrup production, pectin hydrolysis, debittering of fruit juices, interesterification of food fats and oils, biodiesel production, and carbon dioxide capture are reviewed herein, highlighting factors that define the advantages of enzyme immobilization.
Abstract: Although many methods for enzyme immobilization have been described in patents and publications, relatively few processes employing immobilized enzymes have been successfully commercialized. The cost of most industrial enzymes is often only a minor component in overall process economics, and in these instances, the additional costs associated with enzyme immobilization are often not justified. More commonly the benefit realized from enzyme immobilization relates to the process advantages that an immobilized catalyst offers, for example, enabling continuous production, improved stability and the absence of the biocatalyst in the product stream. The development and attributes of several established and emerging industrial applications for immobilized enzymes, including high-fructose corn syrup production, pectin hydrolysis, debittering of fruit juices, interesterification of food fats and oils, biodiesel production, and carbon dioxide capture are reviewed herein, highlighting factors that define the advantages of enzyme immobilization.
978 citations
TL;DR: The presented characterization of the interfacial composition and its consequences provide a new approach for the understanding of lipase reactions at interfaces with direct impact on biotechnological and health care applications.
646 citations
19 Aug 2016
TL;DR: This review highlights and discusses current technical and scientific involvement of microorganisms in enzyme production and their present status in worldwide enzyme market.
Abstract: Biocatalytic potential of microorganisms have been employed for centuries to produce bread, wine, vinegar and other common products without understanding the biochemical basis of their ingredients. Microbial enzymes have gained interest for their widespread uses in industries and medicine owing to their stability, catalytic activity, and ease of production and optimization than plant and animal enzymes. The use of enzymes in various industries (e.g., food, agriculture, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals) is increasing rapidly due to reduced processing time, low energy input, cost effectiveness, nontoxic and eco-friendly characteristics. Microbial enzymes are capable of degrading toxic chemical compounds of industrial and domestic wastes (phenolic compounds, nitriles, amines etc.) either via degradation or conversion. Here in this review, we highlight and discuss current technical and scientific involvement of microorganisms in enzyme production and their present status in worldwide enzyme market.
611 citations
Cites background from "Industrial applications of microbia..."
...Among the enzymes in organic synthesis, lipases are the most frequently used, particularly, in the formation of a wide range of optically active alcohols, acids, esters, and lactones (Jaegera and Reetz 1998; Hasan et al. 2006)....
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TL;DR: A review of biocatalysis with a special focus on scalable chemical production using enzymes discusses the opportunities and limitations of enzymatic syntheses using distinct examples and provides an outlook on emerging enzyme classes.
Abstract: Biocatalysis has found numerous applications in various fields as an alternative to chemical catalysis. The use of enzymes in organic synthesis, especially to make chiral compounds for pharmaceuticals as well for the flavors and fragrance industry, are the most prominent examples. In addition, biocatalysts are used on a large scale to make specialty and even bulk chemicals. This review intends to give illustrative examples in this field with a special focus on scalable chemical production using enzymes. It also discusses the opportunities and limitations of enzymatic syntheses using distinct examples and provides an outlook on emerging enzyme classes.
538 citations
TL;DR: existing and potential applications of thermophiles and thermostable enzymes with focus on conversion of carbohydrate containing raw materials are discussed and strategies that enhance thermostablity of enzymes both in vivo and in vitro are assessed.
Abstract: In today's world, there is an increasing trend towards the use of renewable, cheap and readily available biomass in the production of a wide variety of fine and bulk chemicals in different biorefineries. Biorefineries utilize the activities of microbial cells and their enzymes to convert biomass into target products. Many of these processes require enzymes which are operationally stable at high temperature thus allowing e.g. easy mixing, better substrate solubility, high mass transfer rate, and lowered risk of contamination. Thermophiles have often been proposed as sources of industrially relevant thermostable enzymes. Here we discuss existing and potential applications of thermophiles and thermostable enzymes with focus on conversion of carbohydrate containing raw materials. Their importance in biorefineries is explained using examples of lignocellulose and starch conversions to desired products. Strategies that enhance thermostablity of enzymes both in vivo and in vitro are also assessed. Moreover, this review deals with efforts made on developing vectors for expressing recombinant enzymes in thermophilic hosts.
536 citations
Cites background from "Industrial applications of microbia..."
...Protease and lipase applications will only be mentioned briefly (for reviews, see [69-72]) and special emphasis will be put on glycoside hydrolases....
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References
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01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals, 2/e as mentioned in this paper combines contemporary engineering science with relevant biological concepts in a comprehensive introduction to biochemical engineering, which enables students to comprehend the major problems in biochemical engineering and formulate effective solutions.
Abstract: Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals, 2/e, combines contemporary engineering science with relevant biological concepts in a comprehensive introduction to biochemical engineering. The biological background provided enables students to comprehend the major problems in biochemical engineering and formulate effective solutions.
3,155 citations
TL;DR: The concept of cloning the metagenome to access the collective genomes and the biosynthetic machinery of soil microflora is explored here.
1,677 citations
TL;DR: Novel biotechnological applications have been successfully established using lipases for the synthesis of biopolymers and biodiesel, the production of enantiopure pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and flavour compounds.
1,315 citations
"Industrial applications of microbia..." refers background in this paper
...Japanese Patent 2,229,290 (1990). [153] Shah S, Sharma S, Gupta MN....
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TL;DR: Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences recovered from one of the libraries indicates that the BAC libraries contain DNA from a wide diversity of microbial phyla, including sequences from diverse taxa such as the low-G+C, gram-positive Acidobacterium,Cytophagales, and Proteobacteria.
Abstract: Recent progress in molecular microbial ecology has revealed that traditional culturing methods fail to represent the scope of microbial diversity in nature, since only a small proportion of viable microorganisms in a sample are recovered by culturing techniques. To develop methods to investigate the full extent of microbial diversity, we used a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vector to construct libraries of genomic DNA isolated directly from soil (termed metagenomic libraries). To date, we have constructed two such libraries, which contain more than 1 Gbp of DNA. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences recovered from one of the libraries indicates that the BAC libraries contain DNA from a wide diversity of microbial phyla, including sequences from diverse taxa such as the low-G1C, gram-positive Acidobacterium, Cytophagales, and Proteobacteria. Initial screening of the libraries in Escherichia coli identified several clones that express heterologous genes from the inserts, confirming that the BAC vector can be used to maintain, express, and analyze environmental DNA. The phenotypes expressed by these clones include antibacterial, lipase, amylase, nuclease, and hemolytic activities. Metagenomic libraries are a powerful tool for exploring soil microbial diversity, providing access to the genetic information of uncultured soil microorganisms. Such libraries will be the basis of new initiatives to conduct genomic studies that link phylogenetic and functional information about the microbiota of environments dominated by microorganisms that are refractory to cultivation. The biosphere is dominated by microorganisms (32), yet most microbes in nature have not been studied. Traditional methods for culturing microorganisms limit analysis to those that grow under laboratory conditions (14, 25). The recent surge of research in molecular microbial ecology provides compelling evidence for the existence of many novel types of microorganisms in the environment in numbers and varieties that dwarf those of the comparatively few microorganisms amenable to laboratory cultivation (7, 13, 31). Corroboration comes from estimates of DNA complexity and the discovery of many unique 16S rRNA gene sequences from numerous environmental sources (8, 10, 28). Collectively, the genomes of the total microbiota found in nature, which we termed the metagenome (11), contain vastly more genetic information than is contained in the culturable subset. Given the profound utility and importance of microorganisms to all biological systems, methods are needed to access the wealth of information within the metagenome. Cloning large fragments of DNA isolated directly from microbes in natural environments provides a method to access soil metagenomic DNA. Previously, we investigated the use of the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vector to express Bacillus cereus genomic DNA (20). The advantage of BAC vectors is that they maintain very large DNA inserts (greater than 100 kb) stably in Escherichia coli (23), facilitating the cloning of large fragments of DNA. Our results demonstrated that expression of heterologous DNA from B. cereus in an E. coli BAC system was detectable at a reasonable frequency (20), validating the idea that the low-copy BAC vector (one to two per cell) (23) could be used to express foreign DNA from foreign promoters in E. coli. Here we describe the construction and initial screening of two BAC libraries made with DNA isolated directly from soil. We found detectable levels of several biochemical activities from BAC library clones. Sequence analysis of selected BAC plasmids encoding such activities and of 16S rRNA genes in one of the libraries confirms the novelty of the genomic information cloned in our libraries. The results show that DNA extracted directly from soil is a valuable source of new genetic information and is accessible by using BAC libraries. Our results demonstrate that both traditional and functional genomics of uncultured microorganisms can be carried out by this approach and that screening of metagenome libraries for activities or gene sequences can provide a basis for conducting genomic analyses of uncultured microorganisms.
1,230 citations
TL;DR: The source microorganisms and properties of thermostable starch hydrolysing amylases, xylanases, cellulases, chitinases, proteases, lipases and DNA polymerases are discussed and the industrial needs for such specific thermostably enzyme and improvements required to maximize their application in the future are suggested.
1,074 citations