Inertial Navigation Sensors
01 Mar 2010-
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the development of the MEMS sensor design and performance with a specific emphasis on the performance drivers and predictions of the future applications of the various sensor technologies.
Abstract: : For many navigation applications, improved accuracy/performance is not necessarily the most important issue, but meeting performance at reduced cost and size is In particular, small navigation sensor size allows the introduction of guidance, navigation, and control into applications previously considered out of reach (eg, artillery shells, guided bullets) Three major technologies have enabled advances in military and commercial capabilities: Ring Laser Gyros, Fiber Optic Gyros, and Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) gyros and accelerometers RLGs and FOGs are now mature technologies, although there are still technology advances underway for FOGs MEMS is still a very active development area Technology developments in these fields are described with specific emphasis on MEMS sensor design and performance Some aspects of performance drivers are mentioned as they relate to specific sensors Finally, predictions are made of the future applications of the various sensor technologies
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TL;DR: Sensing principles commonly used in optical detection are presented, focusing on sensor performance features such as sensitivity, selectivity and rangeability, and recent developments in the field of photonic sensing are reviewed.
Abstract: Nowadays, optical devices and circuits are becoming fundamental components in several application fields such as medicine, biotechnology, automotive, aerospace, food quality control, chemistry, to name a few. In this context, we propose a complete review on integrated photonic sensors, with specific attention to materials, technologies, architectures and optical sensing principles. To this aim, sensing principles commonly used in optical detection are presented, focusing on sensor performance features such as sensitivity, selectivity and rangeability. Since photonic sensors provide substantial benefits regarding compatibility with CMOS technology and integration on chips characterized by micrometric footprints, design and optimization strategies of photonic devices are widely discussed for sensing applications. In addition, several numerical methods employed in photonic circuits and devices, simulations and design are presented, focusing on their advantages and drawbacks. Finally, recent developments in the field of photonic sensing are reviewed, considering advanced photonic sensor architectures based on linear and non-linear optical effects and to be employed in chemical/biochemical sensing, angular velocity and electric field detection.
116 citations
Additional excerpts
...Moreover, performance of IOGs are comparable with those of other technologies, such as mechanical, vibrational and MEMS gyros [9,10]....
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01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: In this paper, a vibrating ring gyroscope fabricated in (111) oriented single-crystal silicon (SCS) is reported. But the performance of the gyro has not been evaluated.
Abstract: This paper reports a high-performance vibrating ring gyroscope fabricated in (111) oriented single-crystal silicon (SCS). High-performance microgyroscopes are needed in many applications, including inertial navigation, control, and defense/avionics/space. The ring gyroscope provides a number of advantages, including excellent mode matching, high-resolution, low zero-rate output, and long-term stability. In this paper, a SCS vibrating ring gyroscope with high aspect ratio silicon on glass structure was designed, fabricated and tested. The ring is 2.7mm in diameter and 150μm thick. The gyro has the following measured performance: high Q (12000), good nonlinearity (0.02%), large sensitivity (132 mV/°/sec), low output noise (10.4°/hr/Hz) and high resolution (7.2°/hr). The maximum bias shift is less than ±1°/sec over 10 hours without thermal control.
98 citations
TL;DR: A rigorous approach is proposed to tackle the issue of navigation frame rotation in velocity/position computation by use of the newly-devised velocity/ position integration formulae in the Part I companion paper.
Abstract: Inertial navigation applications are usually referenced to a rotating frame. Consideration of the navigation reference frame rotation in the inertial navigation algorithm design is an important but so far less seriously treated issue, especially for super high-speed flying vehicles or the future ultraprecision navigation system of several meters per hour. A rigorous approach is proposed to tackle the issue of navigation frame rotation in velocity/position computation by use of the newly-devised velocity/position integration formulae in the Part I companion paper. The two integration formulae set a well-founded cornerstone for the velocity/position algorithms' design that makes the comprehension of the inertial navigation computation principle more accessible to practitioners, and different approximations to the integrals involved give birth to various velocity/position update algorithms. Two-sample velocity and position algorithms are derived to exemplify the design process. In the context of level-flight airplane examples, the derived algorithm is analytically and numerically compared with the typical algorithms that exist in the literature. The results throw light on the problems in existing algorithms and the potential benefits of the derived algorithm.
67 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an interferometric optical gyroscope that uses an integrated 3-m large-area silicon nitride waveguide coil with waveguide loss <0.78 dB/m is described.
Abstract: We describe the measurement and characterization of an interferometric optical gyroscope that uses an integrated 3-m large-area silicon nitride waveguide coil with waveguide loss <0.78 dB/m that is compatible with wafer-scale integration. The angle random walk and bias instability were measured to be 8.52°/h1/2 and 58.7°/h, respectively. The measured performance is comparable to that of a commercial rate grade gyroscope, demonstrating that chip-scale integration is a feasible path to low cost, low power, compact implementation of optical gyroscope, and realization of longer coils will expand use of this technology to more demanding navigation applications.
57 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss enabling technologies relevant to a set of key functional building blocks of an atom chip-based compact inertial sensor with cold guided atoms, including accurate and reproducible positioning of atoms to initiate a measurement cycle, coherent momentum transfer to the atom wave packets, suppression of propagation-induced decoherence due to potential roughness, on-chip detection, and vacuum dynamics because of its impact on sensor stability.
Abstract: This work reviews the topic of rotation sensing with compact cold atom interferometers. A representative set of compact free-falling cold atom gyroscopes is considered because, in different respects, they establish a rotation-measurement reference for cold guided-atom technologies. This review first discusses enabling technologies relevant to a set of key functional building blocks of an atom chip-based compact inertial sensor with cold guided atoms. These functionalities concern the accurate and reproducible positioning of atoms to initiate a measurement cycle, the coherent momentum transfer to the atom wave packets, the suppression of propagation-induced decoherence due to potential roughness, on-chip detection, and vacuum dynamics because of its impact on sensor stability, which is due to the measurement dead time. Based on the existing enabling technologies, the design of an atom chip gyroscope with guided atoms is formalized using a design case that treats design elements such as guiding, fabrication, scale factor, rotation-rate sensitivity, spectral response, important noise sources, and sensor stability.
56 citations
References
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Book•
14 Mar 1970TL;DR: In this paper, a unified treatment of linear and nonlinear filtering theory for engineers is presented, with sufficient emphasis on applications to enable the reader to use the theory for engineering problems.
Abstract: This book presents a unified treatment of linear and nonlinear filtering theory for engineers, with sufficient emphasis on applications to enable the reader to use the theory. The need for this book is twofold. First, although linear estimation theory is relatively well known, it is largely scattered in the journal literature and has not been collected in a single source. Second, available literature on the continuous nonlinear theory is quite esoteric and controversial, and thus inaccessible to engineers uninitiated in measure theory and stochastic differential equations. Furthermore, it is not clear from the available literature whether the nonlinear theory can be applied to practical engineering problems. In attempting to fill the stated needs, the author has retained as much mathematical rigor as he felt was consistent with the prime objective" to explain the theory to engineers. Thus, the author has avoided measure theory in this book by using mean square convergence, on the premise that everyone knows how to average. As a result, the author only requires of the reader background in advanced calculus, theory of ordinary differential equations, and matrix analysis.
6,539 citations
01 Dec 1998
TL;DR: Inertial sensors have seen a steady improvement in their performance, and today, microaccelerometers can resolve accelerations in the micro-g range, while the performance of gyroscopes has improved by a factor of 10/spl times/ every two years during the past eight years.
Abstract: This paper presents a review of silicon micromachined accelerometers and gyroscopes. Following a brief introduction to their operating principles and specifications, various device structures, fabrication, technologies, device designs, packaging, and interface electronics issues, along with the present status in the commercialization of micromachined inertial sensors, are discussed. Inertial sensors have seen a steady improvement in their performance, and today, microaccelerometers can resolve accelerations in the micro-g range, while the performance of gyroscopes has improved by a factor of 10/spl times/ every two years during the past eight years. This impressive drive to higher performance, lower cost, greater functionality, higher levels of integration, and higher volume will continue as new fabrication, circuit, and packaging techniques are developed to meet the ever increasing demand for inertial sensors.
1,816 citations
Book•
31 Dec 2007TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a single-source reference for navigation systems engineering, providing both an introduction to overall systems operation and an in-depth treatment of architecture, design, and component integration.
Abstract: Navigation systems engineering is a red-hot area. More and more technical professionals are entering the field and looking for practical, up-to-date engineering know-how. This single-source reference answers the call, providing both an introduction to overall systems operation and an in-depth treatment of architecture, design, and component integration. This book explains how satellite, on-board, and other navigation technologies operate, and it gives practitioners insight into performance issues such as processing chains and error sources. Providing solutions to systems designers and engineers, the book describes and compares different integration architectures, and explains how to diagnose errors. Moreover, this hands-on book includes appendices filled with terminology and equations for quick referencing.
1,351 citations
651 citations
Book•
13 Dec 1990TL;DR: MacKenzie as discussed by the authors argues that it is wrong to assume that missile accuracy (or any other technological artifact) is a natural or inevitable consequence of technological change, and argues that there can be useful and informed intervention in the social processes of weapons construction.
Abstract: Winner of the 1993 Ludwik Fleck Prize presented by the Society for Social Studies of Science (4S).Among books on the arms race, Donald MacKenzie's stands out for its welcome demystification of the "black box" of nuclear weapons technology. MacKenzie follows one line of technology - strategic ballistic missile guidance - through a succession of weapons systems to reveal the ordinary workings of a world that is neither awesome nor unstoppable. He uncovers the parameters, the pressures, and the politics that make up the complex social construction of an equally complex technology.MacKenzie argues that it is wrong to assume that missile accuracy (or any other technological artifact) is a natural or inevitable consequence of technological change. By fostering an understanding of how the idea of accuracy was constructed and by uncovering the comprehensible and often mundane processes that have given rise to a frightening nuclear arsenal, he shows that there can be useful and informed intervention in the social processes of weapons construction. He also shows in what sense it is possible, contrary to the common wisdom, to "uninvent" technologies.Examining the technological politics of the transition from bomber to ballistic missile, MacKenzie describes the processes that transformed both air force and navy ballistic missiles from moderately accurate countercity weapons to highly accurate counterforce ones. He concludes that neither the United States nor the Soviet Union has ever accepted the idea of deterrence as the public understands it."Inventing Accuracy" is based on 140 interviews with guidance and navigation technologists, navy and air force military officers, and defense officials Robert McNamara, James Schlesinger, McGeorge Bundy, and John Foster. It brings to light the confluence of forces, both physical and social, that gave rise to a selfcontained system of missile navigation, and it discusses the major U.S. groups involved in the early development of inertial guidance and navigation.Donald MacKenzie has published a number of influential articles on statistics, eugenics, and missile technologies. He is Reader in Sociology at the University of Edinburgh.
587 citations