Inferior PFC Subregions Have Broad Cognitive Roles.
TL;DR: Aron and colleagues provide an interesting critique of the article that highlights important areas of debate and seeks to account for the wide variety of cognitive tasks that activate rIFG/aIns subregions and their associations with distributed functional networks.
About: This article is published in Trends in Cognitive Sciences.The article was published on 2015-12-01. It has received 13 citations till now.
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TL;DR: It is argued that unexpected events interrupt action and impact cognition, partly at least, by recruiting this global suppressive network, which provides a common mechanistic basis for different types of unexpected events.
326 citations
TL;DR: Insight is provided into a parsimonious systems neuroscience model of cognitive control deficits in ADHD, and specific circuit biomarkers for predicting treatment outcomes in childhood ADHD are suggested.
Abstract: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with pervasive impairments in attention and cognitive control. Although brain circuits underlying these impairments have been extensively investigated with resting-state fMRI, little is known about task-evoked functional brain circuits and their relation to cognitive control deficits and inattention symptoms in children with ADHD. Children with ADHD and age, gender and head motion matched typically developing (TD) children completed a Go/NoGo fMRI task. We used multivariate and dimensional analyses to investigate impairments in two core cognitive control systems: (i) cingulo-opercular "salience" network (SN) anchored in the right anterior insula, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (rdACC), and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (rVLPFC) and (ii) dorsal frontoparietal "central executive" (FPN) network anchored in right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC) and posterior parietal cortex (rPPC). We found that multivariate patterns of task-evoked effective connectivity between brain regions in SN and FPN distinguished the ADHD and TD groups, with rDLPFC-rPPC connectivity emerging as the most distinguishing link. Task-evoked rdACC-rVLPFC connectivity was positively correlated with NoGo accuracy, and negatively correlated with severity of inattention symptoms. Brain-behavior relationships were robust against potential age, gender, and head motion confounds. Our findings highlight aberrancies in task-evoked modulation of SN and FPN connectivity in children with ADHD. Crucially, cingulo-frontal connectivity was a common locus of deficits in cognitive control and clinical measures of inattention symptoms. Our study provides insights into a parsimonious systems neuroscience model of cognitive control deficits in ADHD, and suggests specific circuit biomarkers for predicting treatment outcomes in childhood ADHD.
37 citations
TL;DR: The results are most compatible with the notion that the rIFC is involved in triggering outright stopping in concert with a wider network, while the rAI is likely engaged by other processes, such as arousal, saliency, or behavioral adjustments.
Abstract: Stopping incipient action activates both the right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC) and the anterior insula (rAI). Controversy has arisen as to whether these comprise a unitary cortical cluster-the rIFC/rAI-or whether rIFC is the primary stopping locus. To address this, we recorded directly from these structures while taking advantage of the high spatiotemporal resolution of closely spaced stereo-electro-encephalographic (SEEG) electrodes. We studied 12 patients performing a stop-signal task. On each trial they initiated a motor response (Go) and tried to stop to an occasional stop signal. Both the rIFC and rAI exhibited an increase in broadband gamma activity (BGA) after the stop signal and within the time of stopping (stop signal reaction time, SSRT), regardless of the success of stopping. The proportion of electrodes with this response was significantly greater in the rIFC than the rAI. Also, the rIFC response preceded that in the rAI. Last, while the BGA increase in rIFC occurred mainly prior to SSRT, the rAI showed a sustained increase in the beta and low gamma bands after the SSRT. In summary, the rIFC was activated soon after the stop signal, prior to and more robustly than the rAI, which on the other hand, showed a more prolonged response after the onset of stopping. Our results are most compatible with the notion that the rIFC is involved in triggering outright stopping in concert with a wider network, while the rAI is likely engaged by other processes, such as arousal, saliency, or behavioral adjustments. Hum Brain Mapp 39:189-203, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
31 citations
Cites background or result from "Inferior PFC Subregions Have Broad ..."
...VC 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. anterior insula, which all implement inhibitory control [Erika-Florence et al., 2014; Hampshire, 2015; Hampshire and Sharp, 2015b]....
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...While these findings challenge the idea of a unitary fronto-insula cluster [Erika-Florence et al., 2014; Hampshire, 2015; Hampshire and Sharp, 2015b] better temporal information about rIFC vs rAI is needed to elucidate their activation profiles....
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...The timing and magnitude differences challenge the idea that rIFC and rAI operate as a functional cluster [Erika-Florence et al., 2014; Hampshire and Sharp, 2015a,b]: they instead point to likely different functional roles....
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TL;DR: This paper showed that response inhibition is initiated by the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) as a form of attention-independent top-down control that involves the modulation of beta-band activity.
Abstract: Motor inhibitory control implemented as response inhibition is an essential cognitive function required to dynamically adapt to rapidly changing environments. Despite over a decade of research on the neural mechanisms of response inhibition, it remains unclear, how exactly response inhibition is initiated and implemented. Using a multimodal MEG/fMRI approach in 59 subjects, our results reliably reveal that response inhibition is initiated by the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) as a form of attention-independent top-down control that involves the modulation of beta-band activity. Furthermore, stopping performance was predicted by beta-band power, and beta-band connectivity was directed from rIFG to pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), indicating rIFG's dominance over pre-SMA. Thus, these results strongly support the hypothesis that rIFG initiates stopping, implemented by beta-band oscillations with potential to open up new ways of spatially localized oscillation-based interventions.
30 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that catecholamine-driven increases in signal-to-noise ratio and neural gain control do not equally benefit differently evoked conflicts, which supports the hypothesis of an at least partly different neurobiological basis for flanker- and prime-evoked response conflicts.
Abstract: Background To display goal-directed behavior, we must be able to resolve response conflicts that arise from processing various distractors. Such conflicts may be triggered by different kinds of distractor stimuli (e.g., priming and flanker stimuli), but it has remained largely unclear whether the functional and neurobiological underpinnings of both conflict types differ. We therefore investigated the functional relevance of the catecholamines dopamine and norepinephrine, which have been shown to increase the signal-to-noise ratio in neuronal processing and should therefore modulate response conflicts. Methods In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study design, we examined the effect of methylphenidate (0.5 mg/kg) on both flanker-induced and priming-induced response conflicts in a group of n=25 healthy young adults. We used EEG recordings to examine event-related potentials in combination with source localization analyses to identify the cognitive-neurophysiological subprocesses and functional neuroanatomical structures modulated by methylphenidate. Results Compared with placebo, methylphenidate decreased flanker conflicts. This was matched by increased congruency effects in the fronto-central N2/P3 event-related potential complex and associated with modulations in the right inferior frontal gyrus. In contrast to this, methylphenidate did not modulate the size of prime-evoked conflicts. Conclusions Our results suggest that catecholamine-driven increases in signal-to-noise ratio and neural gain control do not equally benefit differently evoked conflicts. This supports the hypothesis of an at least partly different neurobiological basis for flanker- and prime-evoked response conflicts. As the right inferior frontal gyrus plays an important role in inhibition, the catecholaminergic system may reduce flanker conflicts by supporting the inhibition of distracting information.
28 citations
Cites background from "Inferior PFC Subregions Have Broad ..."
...The rIFG has furthermore been suggested to facilitate attention allocation to conflicting stimuli (Hampshire and Sharp, 2015)....
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References
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TL;DR: It is concluded that the full repertoire of functional networks utilized by the brain in action is continuously and dynamically “active” even when at “rest.”
Abstract: Neural connections, providing the substrate for functional networks, exist whether or not they are functionally active at any given moment. However, it is not known to what extent brain regions are continuously interacting when the brain is “at rest.” In this work, we identify the major explicit activation networks by carrying out an image-based activation network analysis of thousands of separate activation maps derived from the BrainMap database of functional imaging studies, involving nearly 30,000 human subjects. Independently, we extract the major covarying networks in the resting brain, as imaged with functional magnetic resonance imaging in 36 subjects at rest. The sets of major brain networks, and their decompositions into subnetworks, show close correspondence between the independent analyses of resting and activation brain dynamics. We conclude that the full repertoire of functional networks utilized by the brain in action is continuously and dynamically “active” even when at “rest.”
4,768 citations
"Inferior PFC Subregions Have Broad ..." refers result in this paper
...It is also incorrect to state that there were ‘no task differences’ in our independent component analysis (ICA) results; these subregions reliably dissociate from each other across cognitive conditions in various studies [7,10–13]....
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TL;DR: Advances in human lesion-mapping support the functional localization of such inhibition to right IFC alone, and future research should investigate the generality of this proposed inhibitory function to other task domains, and its interaction within a wider network.
2,920 citations
Additional excerpts
...Our hypotheses are similar insofar as we propose a significant role for the right inferior frontal gyrus and anterior insula (rIFG/aIns) in supporting response inhibition tasks [2–5]....
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TL;DR: This fMRI study sought to clarify the role of the RIFG in executive control by holding the stimulus conditions of one of the most popular response inhibition tasks–the Stop Signal Task–constant, whilst varying the response that was required on reception of the stop signal cue.
1,145 citations
"Inferior PFC Subregions Have Broad ..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Our hypotheses are similar insofar as we propose a significant role for the right inferior frontal gyrus and anterior insula (rIFG/aIns) in supporting response inhibition tasks [2–5]....
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...Successful inhibition trials were contrasted with carefully balanced conditions across blocks [4,6,7], including with similar resting baselines [6], and relative to either control conditions [5] or unsuccessful trials [4,6,8] within the same block....
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...Therefore, our reports of nonsignificant contrasts between inhibition and control conditions must be considered in the context of robust rIFG/aIns activity and an array of other statistically significant dissociations within this volume [4–7]....
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TL;DR: Increased BOLD signal was observed in left hemispheric dorsolateral prefrontal, medial, and parietal cortices during the go/no-go task, presumably reflecting a left frontoparietal specialization for response selection.
1,005 citations
TL;DR: This work presents a full functional explication of intrinsic connectivity networks at a standard low order decomposition using a neuroinformatics approach based on the BrainMap behavioral taxonomy as well as a stratified, data-driven ordering of cognitive processes.
Abstract: An increasingly large number of neuroimaging studies have investigated functionally connected networks during rest, providing insight into human brain architecture. Assessment of the functional qualities of resting state networks has been limited by the task-independent state, which results in an inability to relate these networks to specific mental functions. However, it was recently demonstrated that similar brain networks can be extracted from resting state data and data extracted from thousands of task-based neuroimaging experiments archived in the BrainMap database. Here, we present a full functional explication of these intrinsic connectivity networks at a standard low order decomposition using a neuroinformatics approach based on the BrainMap behavioral taxonomy as well as a stratified, data-driven ordering of cognitive processes. Our results serve as a resource for functional interpretations of brain networks in resting state studies and future investigations into mental operations and the tasks that drive them.
952 citations
"Inferior PFC Subregions Have Broad ..." refers result in this paper
..., [12])....
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...It is also incorrect to state that there were ‘no task differences’ in our independent component analysis (ICA) results; these subregions reliably dissociate from each other across cognitive conditions in various studies [7,10–13]....
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