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DOI

Inflammation and pain in skin and deep tissues

01 Jan 2015-
TL;DR: Evaluate the change in sensitivity after inflammation inside and outside the irradiated skin and investigate the existence of a mechanism of cumulative effects between cutaneous and deep-tissue hyperalgesia and allodynia induced by UVB irradiation after application of heat stimuli and sensitization of deep tissues.
Abstract: Ultraviolet-B irradiation model has been used for many years as a translational model since it is well known to induce cutaneous inflammatory pain in both animals and humans. The aim of this study project was to evaluate time course and sensory changes induced by UVB and in particular: 1) evaluate the change in sensitivity after inflammation inside and outside the irradiated skin, 2) investigate the existence of a mechanism of cumulative effects between cutaneous and deep-tissue hyperalgesia, 3) investigate the effect on mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia induced by UVB irradiation after application of heat stimuli and sensitization of deep tissues.

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Citations
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Book Chapter
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: The Wall and Melzack's Textbook of Pain is revised under new editorial leadership, and with a host of new, multidisciplinary international contributors.
Abstract: WALL AND MELZACK'S TEXTBOOK OF PAIN, revised under new editorial leadership, and with a host of new, multidisciplinary international contributors ...

527 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings point towards a regulatory function for nerve growth factor in vivo in the stimulation of sensory neuropeptide synthesis during prolonged inflammatory processes.

223 citations

Journal ArticleDOI

19 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the contribution of capsaicin-sensitive nociceptors in the development of mechanical and heat hyperalgesia in humans following ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiation.
Abstract: Subpopulations of primary nociceptors (C- and Aδ-fibers), express the TRPV1 receptor for heat and capsaicin. During cutaneous inflammation, these afferents may become sensitized, leading to primary hyperalgesia. It is known that TRPV1+ nociceptors are involved in heat hyperalgesia; however, their involvement in mechanical hyperalgesia is unclear. This study explored the contribution of capsaicin-sensitive nociceptors in the development of mechanical and heat hyperalgesia in humans following ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiation. Skin areas in 18 healthy volunteers were randomized to treatment with 8% capsaicin/vehicle patches for 24 h. After patches removal, one capsaicin-treated area and one vehicle area were irradiated with 2xMED (minimal erythema dose) of UVB. 1, 3 and 7 days post-UVB exposure, tests were performed to evaluate the development of UVB-induced cutaneous hyperalgesia: thermal detection and pain thresholds, pain sensitivity to supra-threshold heat stimuli, mechanical pain threshold and sensitivity, touch pleasantness, trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), inflammatory response, pigmentation and micro-vascular reactivity. Capsaicin pre-treatment, in the UVB-irradiated area (Capsaicin + UVB area), increased heat pain thresholds (P 0.2). No effects of capsaicin were reported on touch pleasantness (P = 1), TEWL (P = 0.31), inflammatory response and pigmentation (P > 0.3) or micro-vascular reactivity (P > 0.8) in response to the UVB irradiation. 8% capsaicin ablation predominantly defunctionalizes TRPV1+-expressing cutaneous nociceptors responsible for heat pain transduction, suggesting that sensitization of these fibers is required for development of heat hyperalgesia following cutaneous UVB-induced inflammation but they are likely only partially necessary for the establishment of robust primary mechanical hyperalgesia.

1 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2011-Pain
TL;DR: Evaluated data provide strong evidence for a central contribution in both the rat UV‐B pain model and an enhanced contribution in the new model combiningUV‐B irradiation with heat rekindling, which may explain the lack of secondary hyperalgesia in the rat UA‐B model.
Abstract: Cutaneous inflammation induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in the UV-B range has received significant recent interest as a translational inflammatory pain model. Changes in thermal and mechanical sensitivities in the area of primary hyperalgesia are well documented in both the rat and human UV-B models, but the occurrence of secondary mechanical hyperalgesia is controversial. We investigated the occurrence of secondary mechanical hyperalgesia in the rat UV-B model. Additionally, we investigated whether secondary hyperalgesia was enhanced by heat rekindling of UV-B-irradiated skin as a new rat inflammatory model of sensitisation with an enhanced central contribution. UV-B irradiation (1000 mJ/cm 2 ) induced significant secondary mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia that peaked at 48 h. Heat rekindling (45 °C stimulus for 5 min) of UV-B-irradiated skin at 24 h further enhanced and prolonged this secondary mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia, with a peak at 72 h. Heat rekindling also induced a significant mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia on the contralateral hind paw, further suggesting the contribution of central sensitisation. Our data provide strong evidence for a central contribution in both the rat UV-B pain model and an enhanced contribution in the new model combining UV-B irradiation with heat rekindling. We also elucidate potential differences in the methods used by ourselves and others to obtain mechanical withdrawal thresholds in rats, which may explain the lack of secondary hyperalgesia in the rat UV-B model.

22 citations


"Inflammation and pain in skin and d..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...However, the existence of secondary hyperalgsia as a consequence of UVB irradiation has always been controversial and has been confirmed only by some groups (Davies et al., 2011; Gustorff et al., 2013; Weerasinghe et al., 2014)....

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  • ...Even though the UVB model has been well characterized both in animals and humans (Bishop et al., 2009; Bishop et al., 2007; Davies et al., 2011; Gustorff et al., 2013; Harrison et al., 2004), the presence of secondary hyperalgesia in this model is still controversial....

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  • ...Even though the UVB model has been well characteriz ed both in animals and humans (Bishop et al., 2009; Bishop et al., 2007; Davies et al., 2011 ; Gustorff et al., 2013; Harrison et al., 2004), th e presence of secondary hyperalgesia in this model is still controversial....

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  • ...45 conducted by Davis and collaborators in rats provid es evidence that the secondary hyperalgesic area induce by UVB-irradiation in the plantar hind paw w as enhanced and prolonged by heat rekindling (Davies et al., 2011; Weerasinghe et al., 2014)....

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  • ...The study 45 conducted by Davis and collaborators in rats provides evidence that the secondary hyperalgesic area induce by UVB-irradiation in the plantar hind paw was enhanced and prolonged by heat rekindling (Davies et al., 2011; Weerasinghe et al., 2014)....

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Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: Although none of the existing models can simulate all symptoms of inflammatory pain, studies in animals give insight into certain aspects of human pain conditions and lead to better pain management for patients.
Abstract: Animal models of inflammatory pain have been widely used to study the mechanisms of tissue injuryinduced persistent pain. A variety of inflammatory agents or irritants, including complete Freund’s adjuvant, carrageenan, zymosan, mustard oil, formalin, capsaicin, bee venom, acidic saline, lipopolysaccharide, inflammatory cytokines, and sodium urate crystals, have been used to produce tissue injury and hyperalgesia in such structures as cutaneous/subcutaneous tissues, joints, and muscles. Additionally, models of pain hypersensitivity have also been established with injuries produced by burning, freezing, and ultra irradiation. Although these models do not simulate every aspect of chronic pain, they do model key features of human inflammatory pain. Studies in animals give insight into certain aspects of human pain conditions and lead to improved pain management for patients. Pain perception is more complex in humans than in animals since human pain perception encompasses psychosocial, cultural, developmental, and environmental variables. However, human and animal pain perceptions show parallels, and animal models partially mimic the persistent pain encountered in the clinic. In the last two decades animal models of inflammatory pain have been widely used to study the mechanisms of tissue injury-induced persistent pain. Although none of the existing models can simulate all symptoms of inflammatory pain, studies in animals give insight into certain aspects of human pain conditions and lead to better pain management for patients. In the following paragraphs, commonly used inflammatory pain animal models will be summarized. Interested readers may consult more comprehensive reviews for further details (1, 2).

20 citations


"Inflammation and pain in skin and d..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Burn and freeze injury models are frequently used in humans to induce either primary or secondary hyperalgesia by pplication of warm (52°C/30-45 s) or cold (- 28°C) stimuli, respectively (Zhang and Ren 2011)....

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  • ...Several studies have confirmed that capsaicin induces flare reaction, hyperalgesia and allodynia in the area of pplication and in the adjacent area (Bishop et al., 2009; Zhang and Ren 2011)....

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  • ...…experimental pain models are the most used on s, mostly because of the easy access to the skin (Staahl and Drewes 2004), and a widespread range of inflammatory substances and irritants can be used to produce temporary and reversible tissues injury and hyperalgesia in the skin (Zhang and Ren 2011)....

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Journal ArticleDOI

19 citations


"Inflammation and pain in skin and d..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The process of nociception refers to the recognition of a noxious stimulus from a nociceptor and its transmission to the brain through peripheral and central neurons (Holdcroft and Jaggar 2005; Kidd and Urban 2001; Woolf 1983)....

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  • ...The term inflammatory pain indicates the pain originating from a tissue injury, irritation or infection, which usually lead to inflammation (Holdcroft and Jaggar 2005)....

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  • ...The symptoms of inflammation consist of warmth and redness of the skin, along with swelling and pain (Holdcroft and Jaggar 2005)....

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  • ...The symptoms of inflammation consist of wa rmth and redness of the skin, along with swelling and pain (Holdcroft and Jaggar 2005)....

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  • ...Inflammatory pain and inflammation are mediated by release of inflammatory mediators, called also “inflammatory soup”, from damaged cells that increase the sensitivity of nociceptors to noxious thermal or mechanical stimuli (Basbaum et al., 2009; Holdcroft and Jaggar 2005; Huang et al., 2006)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: EMLA applied under an occlusive dressing has an effect on skin tissue thickness and any surgeon who harvests split skin grafts under EMLA should be aware of this.
Abstract: Summary EMLA ® cream is used in plastic surgery as a topical anaesthetic to harvest split skin grafts. It has been observed that the skin appears pale and oedematous after the application of EMLA ® . The aim our study was to determine the effect of EMLA ® with an occlusive dressing on skin thickness using a high frequency ultrasound. Twenty volunteers took part in this study after approval from the ethics committee. An area of skin was marked on both thighs and the skin thickness of each, measured using ultrasound. EMLA ® with an occlusive dressing was applied to one thigh. This was removed after at least 2h of application time but at different time points and skin thickness of each thigh measured again. Data was analysed using t -test and Pearson's correlation. Mean age in years±SD (range) was 36.1±12.1 (23–61). Male:female ratio was 8:12. Mean skin thickness±SEM increased from 1.86±0.055mm prior to EMLA ® application to 1.96±0.051mm post-EMLA ® application p =0.02. There was a significant correlation between the increase in skin thickness and duration of application of EMLA ® cream ( p = R 2 =0.59). The results conclude that EMLA ® applied under an occlusive dressing has an effect on skin tissue thickness and any surgeon who harvests split skin grafts under EMLA ® should be aware of this. Further research is needed to compare laser treatments performed under local anaesthetic creams against general anaesthesia as an increase in skin thickness may affect the depth of laser penetration.

18 citations


"Inflammation and pain in skin and d..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Several studies have reported e rythema and skin pallor after application of EMLA under occlusive dressing probably as a consequ ence of vasoactive properties of both lidocaine and prilocaine (Tahir et al., 2006)....

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  • ...Several studies have reported erythema and skin pallor after application of EMLA under occlusive dressing probably as a consequence of vasoactive properties of both lidocaine and prilocaine (Tahir et al., 2006)....

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Book
01 Jun 2015

16 citations


"Inflammation and pain in skin and d..." refers background or result in this paper

  • ...These reactions are present in a variety of chronic inflammatory states, such as rheumatoid arthritis, and can be used in healthy volunteers to study the pain system under well controlled settings (Handwerker and Arendt-Nielsen 2013; Staahl and Drewes 2004)....

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  • ...The exercises-induced DOMS is a well-established and long- asting model and resembles some characteristics seen in several clinical conditions in musculoskeletal pain or ischemic muscle pain (Handwerker and Arendt-Nielsen 2013; Nie et al., 2005)....

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