Influence of different types of sterile cytoplasms (A3, A4, 9E) on the combining ability of CMS lines of sorghum.
01 Oct 2020-Journal of Genetics and Breeding (Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS)-Vol. 24, Iss: 6, pp 549-556
TL;DR: The data obtained indicate that different types of sterile cytoplasm of sorghum make a different contribution to CA under conditions of drought stress.
Abstract: Investigation of the effect of the cytoplasm on the combining ability (CA) of lines with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is of considerable interest in terms of understanding the genetic functions of the cytoplasm and for practical purposes to create hybrids with improved economically valuable traits. In order to investigate the effect of different types of sterile cytoplasm (A3, A4, 9E) on CA in sorghum, we studied the manifestation of a number of biological and agronomic traits in 54 F1 hybrid combinations obtained using iso-nuclear CMS lines with the nuclear genome of the line Zheltozernoye 10, differing only in the types of sterile cytoplasm (A3, A4 and 9E). Eighteen varieties and lines of grain sorghum developed at the Russian Research and Project-technological Institute of Sorghum and Maize were used as paternal parents. The CA was determined by the topcross method. F1 hybrids and their parents were grown in 2015-2017 in conditions of insufficient (2015-2016: HTC (hydro-thermal coefficient) = 0.32-0.66), or good water availability conditions (2017: HTC = 1.00). On average, for three years of testing, a positive effect of the 9E cytoplasm on the general combining ability (GCA) (0.63) and negative effects of the A3 and A4 cytoplasms (-0.32 and -0.31) for the inflorescence length were noted. In dry seasons, significant positive effects of the 9E cytoplasm on GCA for the length of the largest leaf, and positive effects of the A3 cytoplasm on GCA for the plant height, and negative effects of the A4 cytoplasm on GCA for these traits were observed. No differences were observed during the wet season. The type of CMS did not affect the GCA for the width of the largest leaf and grain yield. The dispersion of specific combining ability (SCA) in the dry seasons was significant for the following traits: leaf length, plant height, panicle length and width, and grain yield, the 9E cytoplasm had the highest SCA dispersion, whereas the A4 cytoplasm had the smallest one. The data obtained indicate that different types of sterile cytoplasm of sorghum make a different contribution to CA under conditions of drought stress.
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24 Nov 2017
TL;DR: In this article, the results of long-term work were identified and approved for use in the lower Volga region 12 varieties and 2 hybrids of grain sorghum, which can be used in the food industry.
Abstract: Sorghum bicolor L. Moench is a versatile crop, corn which is used for forage and fodder (for feeding agricultural animals, birds, fishes), as well as a source of raw materials for the food processing industry. Especially important is the cultivation of sorghum in the lower Volga region of Russia, characterized by frequent soil and air droughts. In “Rossorgo” scouting for earliness, high yield, improved grain quality, resistance to diseases and pests. The test sorghum genotypes were conducted at the experimental field of center “Rossorgo” in 2014–2016. All records of productivity elements of productivity and biochemical evaluation of grains are made according to standard techniques. The results of long-term work were identified and approved for use in the lower Volga region 12 varieties and 2 hybrids of sorghum. Varieties Pischevoe 35, Pischevoe 614, Кremovoe, Fakel can be used in the food industry. Grits from grain of sorghum has a higher ratio of the cooking property in comparison with cereals from other cultures. The early-maturing varieties Perspektivny 1 and Start, intended for planting with different width of spacing – 15, 45 and 70 cm were bred. Varieties of Granat, Volzhskoe 44, Avans and hybrids Irgiz, Volgar, combine high yields (5.31–10.8 t/ha) and 11.32–12.56% of crude protein in grain. Heterotic hybrids of Irgiz and Volgar are by tall (149.6 of 175.9 cm) and highest grain yield (8.02–10.8 t/ha). As raw material for starch varieties recommended Avans, Volzhskoe 44, Sarmat, Perspektivny 1, Geliofor, Volzhskoe 4, Topaz and hybrid Volgar with content in grain starch 72.31–75.60%. New varieties (Azart, Geliofor, Magistr, Bogdan, Bakalavr, Granat) characterized by a high content of starch (71.47–74.50%) and medium protein (the 11.04–12.59%), pass state testing. Thus, “Rossorgo” offers a farmer a range of cultivars and hybrids of grain sorghum, allowing the obtaining stable yields of grain and extending the use of culture in the region.
2 citations
01 Jan 2021
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors classified the new self-pollinated maize lines according to the composition of the fertility-restoring genes of the Paraguay (C) type of CMS, to optimize the number of analyzing test-crosses.
Abstract: Abstract. The development of cytosterile maize hybrids in Russia is a necessary condition for their wide implementation into production. To develop such hybrids, it’s greatly relevant to be aware how the lines react to sterile cytoplasm. The study was carried out at the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” (“ARC “Donskoy”) in 2010–2021. The purpose of the current study was to classify the new self-pollinated maize lines according to the composition of the fertility-restoring genes of the Paraguay (C) type of CMS, to optimize the number of analyzing test-crosses. Methods. As initial material there have been used 45 new self-pollinated maize lines and 8 sources of sterility with different genetic structure. The method of complete top-crosses there have been identified 360 maize hybrids, used for estimation of the new lines’ reaction. Results. According to the study results, the sterility-fixing lines KV 204, SP 286, DS 255, SP 207, DS 180, which had no fertility-restoring genes in the dominant state, belonged to the I class. As the natural complete constant fertility-restorers there has been recommended to use the lines of the VIII class KV 498, KV 272, KV 7/07, SP 357, RD 261, DS 295, SP 210, SP 197, DS 177, DS 188, having all three dominant genes Rf4, Rf5, Rf6 in the genotype. The incomplete sterility-fixing lines included the lines of the II–IV classes (KV 3, RD 245, SP 198, etc.). The incomplete fertility-restoring lines were the lines of the V–VII classes (KV 469, RD 331, KV 276, etc.). There has been found out that the most common lines were the lines of the V (24.4%) and VIII (22.3 %) classes. The scientific novelty of the study was an optimal number and genetic structure of the analyzers WF 9c of the V class, Lc of the VI class and W 401c of the VII class, which are necessary for crossings and allow identifying lines according to the fertility-restoring genes.
01 Jan 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , the effect of the type of sterile cytoplasm on content of ADM in the F 1 hybrids of grain sorghum obtained on the basis of two series of alloplasmic iso-nuclear CMS-lines.
Abstract: Analysis of absolutely dry matter (ADM) accumulation is important indicator of productivity of crop plants. For three seasons, we investigated the effect of sterile cytoplasms on content of ADM in the F 1 hybrids of grain sorghum obtained on the basis of two series of alloplasmic iso-nuclear CMS-lines: (1) with A3, A4, and 9E cytoplasms and (2) with 9E and M35-1A cytoplasms. For the first time, the effect of the type of sterile cytoplasm on content of ADM in the F1 sorghum hybrids was shown. In each season, A3 cytoplasm reduced ADM in the F1 hybrids at the “tillering – heading” stage, whereas 9E cytoplasm increased ADM at the “heading – complete maturity” stage. The most significant differences were observed under drought conditions. These data indicate the genetic influence of cytoplasm on assimilation capacity of sorghum hybrids and tolerance to drought stress.
References
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TL;DR: This review summarizes the current perspectives in CMS and fertility restoration, mainly from the viewpoint of anterograde/retrograde signaling.
Abstract: Since plants retain genomes of an extremely large size in mitochondria (200-2,400 kb), and mitochondrial protein complexes are comprised of chimeric structures of nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded subunits, coordination of gene expression between the nuclei and mitochondria is indispensable for sound plant development. It has been well documented that the nucleus regulates organelle gene expression. This regulation is called anterograde regulation. On the other hand, recent studies have demonstrated that signals emitted from organelles regulate nuclear gene expression. This process is known as retrograde signaling. Incompatibility caused by genome barriers between a nucleus and foreign mitochondria destines the fate of pollen to be dead in cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), and studies of CMS confirm that pollen fertility is associated with anterograde/retrograde signaling. This review summarizes the current perspectives in CMS and fertility restoration, mainly from the viewpoint of anterograde/retrograde signaling.
93 citations
TL;DR: Among these cytoplasms there are at least four distinct groups in their effects on fertility characteristics, which have potential for providing diversity among parents and hybrids in sorghum, but their utility for such purposes remains to be tested.
Abstract: Cytoplasmic-nuclear male steriles are used as female parents in the production of hybrid seed of sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. A single male-sterility inducing cytoplasm is most often used in the female parents, resulting in uniformity of cytoplasm in hybrids and also a restriction on nuclear diversity. The purpose of the present study was to identify diverse malesterility inducing cytoplasms. Seed set and other characteristics of hybrids of sorghum were studied to determine differences in fertility response and related characteristics among the cytoplasms of male-sterile female parents. Thirteen near-isonuclear female parents with cytoplasms from diverse introduced sources were crossed by eight male parents, and the progeny were grown at eight locations. From seed-set, anther, and pollen characteristics five groups were identified. Cytoplasms from IS6271C, IS2266C, IS3579C, IS7502C, and IS6705C were not distinguished from milo cytoplasm. Cytoplasm from IS12662C differed from milo in degree of fertility restoration in hybrids and was somewhat similar to IS3063C, IS1056C, and IS2801C. Another group, composed of IS1112C and IS12565C, was distinct in that most male parents produced highly sterile hybrids when crossed with these male steriles. Another cytoplasm, from IS7920C, differed from all the other cytoplasmstudied in its effects on seed-set, anther, and pollen characteristics. It is concluded that among these cytoplasms there are at least four distinct groups in their effects on fertility characteristics. They have potential for providing diversity among parents and hybrids in sorghum, but their utility for such purposes remains to be tested.
61 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that hybrids created in A2 cy toplasm yield comparably to the commonly used A1 cytoplasm and therefore, the A2 system will provide a suitable alternative for hybrid seed production should problems be encountered in the A1 CMS system.
Abstract: Hybrid sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] seed production relies exclusively on cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) systems and almost all hybrid sorghum seed is produced using the A1 CMS system. However, the reliance on a single CMS system increases the vulnerability of the crop to diseases and stresses that may attack that particular CMS system. Alternative CMS systems have been described and even used on a limited basis for hybrid seed production, but a direct comparison of the agronomic effects of different cytoplasms has not been possible because male-sterile lines with a common genetic background (and different cytoplasm) were not available. The recent development of isocytoplasmic A-lines allows more direct comparison of cytoplasmic effect on agronomic performance. The purpose of this study was to determine by means of a set of isocytoplasmic hybrids if cytoplasm per se influences agronomic performance. Twelve hybrid genotypes were created in three different cytoplasms (Al, A2, and A3 for a total of 36 hybrids), and they were evaluated for plant height, days to anthesis, and grain yield at Weslaco and College Station, TX, in 1998 and 1999. As expected, significant differences existed among hybrids for plant height, days to anthesis, and grain yield. Cytoplasm type had no effect on plant height and was of minimal practical effect on days to anthesis, but a significant reduction in yield was observed in A3 cytoplasm hybrids as compared with A1 and A2 cytoplasm hybrids. The specific reason for the reduced yield of A3 hybrids is not known, but seed set data indicated that it was not associated with fertility restoration. The results indicate that hybrids created in A2 cytoplasm yield comparably to the commonly used A1 cytoplasm and therefore, the A2 system will provide a suitable alternative for hybrid seed production should problems be encountered in the A1 CMS system.
51 citations
TL;DR: The aim of this review is to summarize the accumulated data on genetic and epigenetic dynamics of TEs, particularly in synthetic allotetraploid and allohexaploid wheat species, and discuss the underlying mechanisms and the potential biological significance of TE dynamics following allopolyploidization.
Abstract: Transposable elements (TEs) constitute over 90% of the wheat genome. It was suggested that “genomic stress” such as hybridity or polyploidy might activate transposons. Intensive investigations of various polyploid systems revealed that allopolyploidization event is associated with widespread changes in genome structure, methylation, and expression involving low- and high-copy, coding and noncoding sequences. Massive demethylation and transcriptional activation of TEs were also observed in newly formed allopolyploids. Massive proliferation, however, was reported for very limited number of TE families in various polyploidy systems. The aim of this review is to summarize the accumulated data on genetic and epigenetic dynamics of TEs, particularly in synthetic allotetraploid and allohexaploid wheat species. In addition, the underlying mechanisms and the potential biological significance of TE dynamics following allopolyploidization are discussed.
47 citations
TL;DR: The study indicated the usefulness of evaluating diverse cytoplasmic sources in various nuclear genotypes bred for hybrid rice breeding program and showed consistent positive effect of cy toplasm on general combining ability.
Abstract: Effect of sterilizing (‘WA’) cytoplasm on heterosis and combining ability for days to flowering, plant height and grain yield in rice was studied in 70 crosses and their reciprocals produced by 10 cytoplasmic male sterile (A), their maintainer (B) and seven restorer (R) lines following line x tester design. The materials consisting of 140 hybrids (70 A/R and their reciprocal 70 R/B) plus 17 parental lines (10 B + 7 R) were evaluated under six environments, created by growing in three fields with different fertilizer doses (0, 60, 120 kg N/ha) and 2 seasons (dry and wet) during 1986 at IRRI farm. Reciprocal cross effect (A/R vs R/B) were highly significant for all the three traits. Interaction of reciprocal cross effects with environments were also highly significant for yield and days to flowering. Cytoplasmic effect for yield, days to flowering and plant height were estimated by comparing A/R and R/B combination and testing the significance of difference with LSD value. In order to avoid confounding effect of spikelet sterility on yields, twenty crosses showing normal spikelet fertility were selected. Both positive and negative cytoplasmic effects were observed for the three traits. The effects were modified by environments, except for plant height. Heterosis for all three traits was also affected by cytoplasm, however, manifestation of cytoplasmic effects was higher for heterosis for days to flower than in heterosis for yield and plant height. Effect of cytoplasm was more pronounced on general combining ability effects of parents than specific combining ability effects of crosses. Among the parents two CMS lines A4 (IR54752A) and A8 (IR22107-113-3-3A) and two R lines: R2 (IR46) and R7 (IR9761-19-1) showed consistent positive effect of cytoplasm on general combining ability. These lines have given several good heterotic combinations. The study indicated the usefulness of evaluating diverse cytoplasmic sources in various nuclear genotypes bred for hybrid rice breeding program.
27 citations