Influence of infection during pregnancy on fetal development.
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TLDR
The role of infection during pregnancy in fetal development including placental development and function is considered, which can lead to fetal growth restriction and the short and long-term outcomes for the neonate are described.Abstract:
Infection by bacteria, viruses and parasites may lead to fetal death, organ injury or limited sequelae depending on the pathogen. Here we consider the role of infection during pregnancy on fetal development including placental development and function, which can lead to fetal growth restriction. The classic group of teratogenic pathogens are referred to as “TORCH” (Toxoplasma gondii, Others like Treponema pallidum, Rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus), but should include a much broader group of pathogens including Parvovirus B19, Varicella zoster virus, and Plasmodium falciparum to name a few. In this review, we describe the influence of different infections in utero on fetal development and the short- and long-term outcomes for the neonate. In some cases, the mechanisms used by these pathogens to disrupt fetal development are well known. Bacterial infection of the developing fetal lungs and brain begins with inflammatory cascade resulting in cytokine injury and oxidative stress. For some pathogens like P. falciparum, the mechanisms involve oxidative stress and apoptosis to disrupt placental and fetal growth. An in utero infection may also impact the long-term health of the infant; in many cases, a viral infection in utero increases the risk of developing Type 1 diabetes in childhood. Understanding the varied mechanisms employed by these pathogens may enable therapies to attenuate changes in fetal development, decrease preterm birth, and improve survival.read more
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Association between Zika virus and microcephaly in French Polynesia, 2013–15: a retrospective study
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TL;DR: This work retrospectively analysed data from a Zika virus outbreak in French Polynesia to provide a quantitative estimate of the risk of microcephaly in fetuses and neonates whose mothers are infected with Zika virus.
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Interferons and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Pregnancy and Fetal Development.
TL;DR: Evidence is examined for the role of maternal and fetal immune responses affecting pregnancy and fetal development, both under homeostasis and following infection.
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A Susceptible Mouse Model for Zika Virus Infection.
Stuart D. Dowall,Victoria A. Graham,Emma Rayner,Barry Atkinson,Graham Hall,Robert J. Watson,Andrew Bosworth,Laura C. Bonney,Samantha Kitchen,Roger Hewson +9 more
TL;DR: A129 mice are identified as being highly susceptible to ZIKV and thus A129 mice represent a suitable, and urgently required, small animal model for the testing of vaccines and antivirals.
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Zika Virus Disrupts Phospho-TBK1 Localization and Mitosis in Human Neuroepithelial Stem Cells and Radial Glia
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TL;DR: It is shown that ZIKV infects both neocortical and spinal cord neuroepithelial stem cells as well as their fetal homolog, radial glial cells (RGCs), causing disrupted mitoses, supernumerary centrosomes, structural disorganization, and cell death.
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TL;DR: Current knowledge of mother-to-child HIV transmission in developing countries is reviewed, key findings from the trials are summarized, future research requirements are outlined, and public health challenges of implementing perinatal HIV prevention interventions in resource-poor settings are described.
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Molecular Identification of Bacteria Associated with Bacterial Vaginosis
TL;DR: Bacterium-specific PCR assays showed that several bacteria that had not been previously described were highly prevalent in subjects with bacterial vaginosis but rare in healthy controls, including three bacteria in the Clostridiales order that were highly specific for bacterialvaginosis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Chronic Lung Disease after Premature Birth
Eugenio Baraldi,Marco Filippone +1 more
TL;DR: The patterns and pathogenesis of chronic lung impairment that may become clinically significant decades after the use of mechanical ventilation and oxygen supplementation in premature newborns are summarized.
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Chorioamnionitis as a risk factor for cerebral palsy: A meta-analysis.
Yvonne W. Wu,John M. Colford +1 more
TL;DR: A meta-analysis indicates that chorioamnionitis is a risk factor for both cerebral palsy and cPVL.
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