Influence of Magnetic Field in the Kinetics of Crystallization of Diamagnetic and Paramagnetic Inorganic Salts
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of magnetic field on some kinetic crystallization parameters of the systems zinc sulfate - water and copper sulfate- water were investigated in a series of controlled batch cooling experiments.
Abstract: The influence of the magnetic field on some kinetic crystallization parameters of the systems zinc sulfate - water and copper sulfate - water were investigated in a series of controlled batch cooling experiments. The solutions were exposed to magnetic fields with different intensities, up to a maximum of 0.7T. A clear influence of magnetic field on the zinc sulfate crystallization parameters was found: an increase in the saturation temperature, a decrease in the metastable zone width, and increased growth rate and average crystal size. These effects were observed for the diamagnetic zinc sulfate, but not in similar experiments with paramagnetic copper sulfate.
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TL;DR: Transparent glass ceramics (TGCs) with minimized scattering loss offer the combined characteristics of both glasses and (transparent) Ceramics as mentioned in this paper, and they are a new generation of tailorable optical materials with a wide range of applications from optics to photonics.
217 citations
TL;DR: The basic properties of nanoparticles to be optimized for the purpose of maximizing this efficacy are discussed: size, size distribution, morphology, polymorphic nature, crystallinity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, drug elution profiles, and aggregation propensity.
Abstract: The field of nanoscience has produced more hype than probably any other branch of materials science and engineering in its history. Still, the potentials of this new field largely lay undiscovered ahead of us; what we have learnt so far with respect to the peculiarity of physical processes on the nanoscale is only the tip of an iceberg. Elaborated in this critical review is the idea that the surge of interest in physical chemistry of phenomena at the nanoscale presents a natural consequence of the spatial refinement of the human ability to controllably manipulate the substratum of our physical reality. Examples are given to illustrate the sensitivity of material properties to grain size on the nanoscale, a phenomenon that directly contributed to the rise of nanoscience as a special field of scientific inquiry. Main systemic challenges faced by the present and future scientists in this field are also mentioned. In part, this perspective article resembles standing on the constantly expanding seashore of the coast of nanoscience and nanoengineering and envisioning the parts of the island where the most significant advances may be expected to occur and where, therefore, most of the attention of scientist in this field is to be directed: (a) crossing the gap between life science and materials science; (b) increasing experimentation sensitivity; (c) crisscrossing theory and experiments; and (d) conjoining top-down and bottom-up synthetic approaches. As for materials and the application areas discussed, a special emphasis is placed on calcium phosphate nanoparticles and their usage in controlled drug delivery devices and other applications of biomedical relevance. It is argued that the properties of nanoparticles as drug carriers often comprise the critical determinant for- the efficacy of the drug therapy. Therefore, the basic properties of nanoparticles to be optimized for the purpose of maximizing this efficacy are discussed: size, size distribution, morphology, polymorphic nature, crystallinity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, drug elution profiles, and aggregation propensity.
77 citations
TL;DR: A critical view of the current state of the development of nanoparticulate and other solid-state carriers for the local delivery of antibiotics in the treatment of osteomyelitis is provided.
Abstract: This article provides a critical view of the current state of the development of nanoparticulate and other solid-state carriers for the local delivery of antibiotics in the treatment of osteomyelitis. Mentioned are the downsides of traditional means for treating bone infection, which involve systemic administration of antibiotics and surgical debridement, along with the rather imperfect local delivery options currently available in the clinic. Envisaged are more sophisticated carriers for the local and sustained delivery of antimicrobials, including bioresorbable polymeric, collagenous, liquid crystalline, and bioglass- and nanotube-based carriers, as well as those composed of calcium phosphate, the mineral component of bone and teeth. A special emphasis is placed on composite multifunctional antibiotic carriers of a nanoparticulate nature and on their ability to induce osteogenesis of hard tissues demineralized due to disease. An ideal carrier of this type would prevent the long-term, repetitive, and systemic administration of antibiotics and either minimize or completely eliminate the need for surgical debridement of necrotic tissue. Potential problems faced by even hypothetically "perfect" antibiotic delivery vehicles are mentioned too, including (i) intracellular bacterial colonies involved in recurrent, chronic osteomyelitis; (ii) the need for mechanical and release properties to be adjusted to the area of surgical placement; (iii) different environments in which in vitro and in vivo testings are carried out; (iv) unpredictable synergies between drug delivery system components; and (v) experimental sensitivity issues entailing the increasing subtlety of the design of nanoplatforms for the controlled delivery of therapeutics.
71 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of magnetic field on the ion hydration and orientation at air/water interface was proposed to explain the experimental observations, and the colloidal dispersions were characterized by means of sedimentation rate measurements and low angle laser light scattering.
53 citations
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of magnetic field on superoxide dismutase activity were investigated and a significant increase of SOD activity when passed 0, 1, 9 and 15 times at 2.9-4.6 mT magnetic field density for 0, 2.2, 19.8 and 33.0 seconds respectively.
Abstract: The effects of magnetic field on superoxide dismutase activity were investigated. All living systems are affected by magnetic field and electromagnetic field in a way of their response systems. Since magnetic field has an impact on biochemical reactions that involve more than one unpaired electron, in our study SOD activity, one of the enzyme responsible for antioxidant system, was measured under magnetic fields using an apparatus explained at material methods. There has been a significant increase of SOD activity when passed 0, 1, 9 and 15 times at 2.9-4.6 mT magnetic field density for 0, 2.2, 19.8 and 33.0 seconds respectively.
32 citations
References
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Book•
01 Oct 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, conversion factors and mathematical symbols are used to describe conversion factors in physical and chemical data and Mathematical Symbols are used for converting, converting, and utilising conversion factors.
Abstract: Section 1: Conversion Factors and Mathematical Symbols Section 2: Physical and Chemical Data Section 3: Mathematics Section 4: Thermodynamics Section 5: Heat and Mass Transfer Section 6: Fluid and Plastic Dynamics Section 7: Reaction Kinetics Section 8: Process Control Section 9: Process Economics Section 10: Transport and Storage of Fluids Section 11: Heat-Transfer Equipment Section 12: Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying Section 13: Distillation Section 14: Equipment for Distillation, Gas Absorption, Phase Dispersion, and Phase Separation Section 15: Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Other Liquid-Liquid Operations and Equipment Section 16: Adsorption and Ion Exchange Section 17: Gas-Solid Operations and Equipment Section 18: Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment Section 19: Reactors Section 20: Alternative Separation Processes Section 21: Solid-Solid Operations and Processing Section 22: Waste Management Section 23: Process Safety Section 24: Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization Section 25: Materials of Construction Index
10,028 citations
Book•
13 Dec 1990TL;DR: Magnetism in MATERIALs: MAGNETIC PHENOMENA on the MICROSCOPIC SCALE Magnetic Properties Hysteresis and Related Properties Barkhausen Effect and Related Phenomena Magnetostriction Magnetoresistance.
Abstract: ELECTROMAGNETISM: MAGNETIC PHENOMENA ON THE MACROSCOPIC SCALE Magnetic Fields Magnetic Field Magnetic Induction Magnetic Field Calculations References Further Reading Exercises Magnetization and Magnetic Moment Magnetic Moment Magnetic Poles and Amperian Bound Currents Magnetization Magnetic Circuits and the Demagnetizing Field Penetration of Alternating Magnetic Fields into Materials References Further Reading Exercises Magnetic Measurements Induction Methods Force Methods Methods Depending on Changes in Material Properties Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices References Further Reading Exercises Magnetic Materials Classification of Magnetic Materials Magnetic Properties of Ferromagnets Different Types of Ferromagnetic Materials for Applications Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism References Further Reading Exercises MAGNETISM IN MATERIALS: MAGNETIC PHENOMENA ON THE MICROSCOPIC SCALE Magnetic Properties Hysteresis and Related Properties Barkhausen Effect and Related Phenomena Magnetostriction Magnetoresistance References Further Reading Exercises Magnetic Domains Development of Domain Theory Energy Considerations and Domain Patterns References Further Reading Exercises Domain Walls Properties of Domain Boundaries Domain-Wall Motion References Further Reading Exercises Domain Processes Reversible and Irreversible Domain Processes Determination of Magnetization Curves from Pinning Models Theory of Ferromagnetic Hysteresis Dynamics of Domain Magnetization Processes References Further Reading Exercises Magnetic Order and Critical Phenomena Theories of Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism Theories of Ordered Magnetism Magnetic Structure References Further Reading Exercises Electronic Magnetic Moments Classical Model of Magnetic Moments of Electrons Quantum Mechanical Model of Magnetic Moments of Electrons Magnetic Properties of Free Atoms References Further Reading Exercises Quantum Theory of Magnetism Electron-Electron Interactions Localized Electron Theory Itinerant Electron Theory References Further Reading Exercises MAGNETICS: TECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS Soft Magnetic Materials Properties and Applications of Soft Magnets Materials for AC Applications Materials for DC Applications Materials for Magnetic Shielding References Further Reading Materials Conferences Hard Magnetic Materials Properties and Applications of Hard Magnets Permanent Magnet Materials References Further Reading Materials Conferences Magnetic Recording History of Magnetic Recording Magnetic Recording Media Recording Heads and the Recording Process Modeling the Magnetic Recording Process References Further Reading Magnetic Evaluation of Materials Methods for Evaluation of Materials Properties Methods for Detection of Flaws and Other Inhomogeneities Magnetic Imaging Methods Sensitivity to Microstructure and Material Treatment References Further Reading Solutions to Exercises
1,586 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for the calculation of optimum cooling curves based on a simple mathematical description of the individual kinetic processes involved in a crystallization operation is presented, and the results show that the programmed cooling brings about a significant increase in the size and an improvement in the quality of crystals from a batch crystallizer.
290 citations
01 Mar 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the properties of CaCO3 crystals formed by mixing CaCl2 and Na2CO3 solutions, which were exposed to magnetic fields before mixing, by measuring the variation of absorbance of suspensions of CaCo3 particles, observing sedimentary CaCO 3 particles at the bottom of a cell by a video system, and analyzing the crystal structure of Ca CO3 particles by X-ray diffractometer.
Abstract: Characteristics of CaCO3 crystals formed by mixing CaCl2 and Na2CO3 solutions, which were exposed to magnetic fields before mixing, were investigated by measuring the variation of absorbance of suspensions of CaCO3 particles, observing sedimentary CaCO3 particles at the bottom of a cell by a video system, and analyzing the crystal structure of CaCO3 particles by X-ray diffractometer. It is found that (l) the nucleation frequency of CaCO3 particles is suppressed but the growth of particles is accelerated, if the exposed magnetic flux density is greater than about 0.3 T and the exposure time is greater than 10 min; (2) the magnetic effect is attributable mainly to the magnetic exposure on Na2CO3 solutions but not to that on CaCl2 solutions; (3) the magnetic effect was observed even if CaCl2 and Na2CO3 solutions were mixed at 120 h after the magnetic exposure; and (4) the formation of aragonite structure of CaCO3 crystals is acceleratedd by the magnetic exposure.
216 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that faster proton transfer from hydrogen carbonate and hydrogen phosphate ions to water, due to proton spin inversion in the external field or in the field of a paramagnetic ion, is possible.
116 citations