Journal Article•
Influence of prednisolone on Moloney leukemogenic virus in BALB-c mice
TL;DR: Long-term administration of prednisolone to BALB/c mice alters the reactivity of their lymphoid tissue to the oncogenic effects of Moloney leukemia virus, resulting in solid lymphosarcoma or granulocytic leukemia.
Abstract: Summary Long-term administration of prednisolone to BALB/c mice alters the reactivity of their lymphoid tissue to the oncogenic effects of Moloney leukemia virus. Solid lymphosarcoma or granulocytic leukemia is produced in a significant number of the treated mice. The alteration in disease response may be attributed to a prednisolone-induced simulated thymectomy.
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TL;DR: Secretion of infectious Abelson leukemia virus by two of the cloned cell lines provides conclusive evidence that the Abelson virus is capable of productively infecting the macrophage cell type.
866 citations
TL;DR: It is established that P210bcr/abl can transform hematopoietic cell types to tumorigenicity and for autocrine production of interleukin 3 by factor-independent cell lines was found.
Abstract: The P210bcr/abl protein is associated with virtually every case of human chronic myelogenous leukemia. Unlike the related P160gag/v-abl oncogene product of Abelson murine leukemia virus, P210bcr/abl does not transform NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. To assess whether P210bcr/abl might transform hematopoietic cell types, retroviral constructs encoding P210bcr/abl were used to infect the bone marrow-derived interleukin 3-dependent Ba/F3 cell line. As for P160gag/v-abl, cell lines expressing P210bcr/abl were growth factor independent and tumorigenic in nude mice. No evidence for autocrine production of interleukin 3 by factor-independent cell lines was found. These experiments establish that P210bcr/abl can transform hematopoietic cell types to tumorigenicity.
591 citations
TL;DR: Stage- and tissue-specific expression of cellular genes homologous to the oncogenes of FBJ murine osteosarcoma virus, Abelson imirine leukaemia virus and Harvey sarcomairus during mouse prenatal and early postnatal development are described and suggest participation of cellular oncagenes in normal developmental processes.
Abstract: The acutely oncogenic retroviruses induce a wide spectrum of malignancies including sarcomas, carcinomas, lymphomas and leukaemias1. They all contain sequences which are required for neoplastic transformation as an integral part of their genomes1–3. These sequences, termed viral oncogenes (v-onc), apparently originated from the normal vertebrate genome.To date, cellular homologues of over a dozen different oncogenes of acutely oncogenic viruses have been identified1–4. Although transcription of some c-onc genes has been detected in normal vertebrate cells1,5–7, relatively little is known about their role in normal cell metabolism. We describe here stage- and tissue-specific expression of cellular genes homologous to the oncogenes of FBJ murine osteosarcoma virus, Abelson imirine leukaemia virus and Harvey sarcoma virus during mouse prenatal and early postnatal development. Our results suggest participation of cellular oncogenes in normal developmental processes.
499 citations
TL;DR: The prototypic non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl is implicated in various cellular processes and its oncogenic counterpart, the Bcr–Abl fusion protein, causes certain human leukaemias.
Abstract: The prototypic non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl is implicated in various cellular processes. Its oncogenic counterpart, the Bcr-Abl fusion protein, causes certain human leukaemias. Recent insights into the structure and regulation of the c-Abl and Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinases have changed the way we look at these enzymes.
477 citations
TL;DR: The Abelson murine leukaemia virus protein (P120) can become phosphorylated in vitro by [γ-32P]ATP and is linked to P120 at tyrosine, a linkage not previously reported for a phosphorylation reaction.
Abstract: The Abelson murine leukaemia virus protein (P120) can become phosphorylated in vitro by [γ-32P]ATP. The protein has been purified from cell membranes to the point that in specific conditions virtually all of the incorporated 32P is in P120. The reaction is stimulated by Mn2+ and Mg2+ but not Ca2+ and is very rapid even at 0 °C. The phosphate is linked to P120 at tyrosine, a linkage not previously reported for a phosphorylation reaction. Phosphorylation may be involved in the transforming activity of viruses that cause leukaemia as well as sarcomas.
474 citations
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TL;DR: The author has found it impossible to present more than a few of the vast number of facts available in the literature concerning the hormonal control of lymphatic tissue.
Abstract: LTHOUGH IT IS usual to introduce a paper dealing with lymphatic tissue by A calling attention to our lack of knowledge concerning this tissue, the author wishes to take a more positive approach. He has found it impossible to present more than a few of the vast number of facts available in the literature concerning the hormonal control of lymphatic tissue. The material reviewed will be confined to the influence of hormones on the involution and growth of lymphatic tissue and on the structure and number of circulating lymphocytes. The functional significance of hormonally induced acute involution which involves such problems as the role of lymphatic tissue in the synthesis and release of certain serum proteins and also its role in the bodily economy have been recently reviewed elsewhere (185).
480 citations
"Influence of prednisolone on Molone..." refers background in this paper
...Thymic atrophy can be chemically induced by the action of adrenocorticotropic hormone (5), cortisone (32), pred nisolone (7), and other related adrenocortical hormones (9, 10)....
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...Thymic atrophy can be chemically induced by the action of various corticosteroid preparations (5, 7, 9, 10, 32)....
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419 citations
"Influence of prednisolone on Molone..." refers methods in this paper
...The classification of reticular neo plastic diseases presented by Dunn (11) was used as a guide in arriving at a diagnosis....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: A new murine oncogenic virus has been isolated which induces solid lymphoid tumors within a short latent period, and thymic-independent tumor induction distinguishes this virus from the other experimental murine lymphoid leukemia viruses.
Abstract: Summary A new murine oncogenic virus has been isolated which induces solid lymphoid tumors within a short latent period. A unique feature of this disease is the lack of thymic involvement. Thymic-independent tumor induction distinguishes this virus from the other experimental murine lymphoid leukemia viruses. In addition, massive meningeal tumors, a myelocytic leukemoid reaction, and no evidence of a disseminated leukemia constitute this disease syndrome.
407 citations
"Influence of prednisolone on Molone..." refers background in this paper
...Further work on this lymphosarcoma virus is reported in another paper (2)....
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...From one solid lymphosarcoma, a new lymphosarcoma-producing virus has been isolated (1,2)....
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TL;DR: In rats thymectomized at birth and tested in adult life, ability to develop autoallergic encephalomyelitis was completely suppressed, and there was a striking decrease in the circulating level of small lymphocytes.
Abstract: Rats thymectomized at birth gained weight and otherwise developed normally, but were found to be very susceptible to intercurrent infections. Both Arthus reactivity and delayed hypersensitivity to BSA were markedly impaired in rats thymectomized during the first week of life and significantly impaired in rats thymectomized as late as 3 weeks after birth. The inhibition of Arthus reactivity in thymectomized rats was well correlated with their failure to develop significant titers of precipitating or hemagglutinating antibody. However, natural heteroagglutinin titers were not altered in these animals, and no abnormality of serum proteins, including gamma-globulin could be detected by paper electrophoresis. The loss of immunologic activity could not be corrected by injecting homogenates of spleen or thymus before and during the sensitization period. Splenectomy at birth did not influence Arthus or delayed reactivity.
253 citations
"Influence of prednisolone on Molone..." refers result in this paper
...Antibody response in these animals is selectively impaired and resembles the deficit found in surgically thymectomized rats and mice (4)....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: The spleen is another lymphoid organ, and if neoplasms originate in it from preformed cells destined to become malignant at a later age, then removal of the spleen during the preleukemic period might lower the incidence of this disease.
Abstract: Little knowledge exists concerning the factors that lead to the development of spontaneous leukemia in a high-leukemia stock of mice. It is known that the occurrence of the disease is governed by factors of heredity (2), that the leukemic cells are not present as such in the preleukemic period (13), and that the malignant transformation, which takes place at about the fifth to eighth month of life, is postponed or prevented by underfeeding (13). Furthermore, genetic studies (4) have suggested that certain cells with high neoplastic potentialities may be present in a dormant form in mice with hereditary susceptibility to leukemia. It has been noted that the thymus is almost always involved in leukemia affecting the high leukemia stock (Ak) under investigation. It is sometimes the sole organ involved, while the degree of leukemic infiltration in spleen and lymph nodes is variable and the bone marrow often appears normal. Thus the thymus may be the most common site of potentially neoplastic lymphocytes, and consequently it seemed advisable to ascertain what effect its removal at an early age would have on the incidence of leukemia. The spleen is another lymphoid organ, and if neoplasms originate in it from preformed cells destined to become malignant at a later age, then removal of the spleen during the preleukemic period might lower the incidence of this disease. It is also possible that these organs influence the occurrence of leukemia in some other way and that this would be revealed by their removal. The relation of the sex organs to leukemia in mice is indicated by the greater frequency of this disease in female animals (2) and by the experimental production of leukemia by sex hormones. As early as 1937 Gardner (5) and Lacassagne (7) had noted the frequent occurrence of leukemia in estrogen-treated mice of stocks in which leukemia was uncommon.
192 citations
"Influence of prednisolone on Molone..." refers background in this paper
...cantly increasing the incidence of myeloid leukemia and reticulum cell sarcoma (14, 16, 17, 22, 24)....
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...Striking alterations in this disease process have been made by thymectomy (22) or administration of antilymphocyte serum (3)....
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...It has long been known that corticosteroids delay or decrease the incidence of spontaneous (22, 33, 35), radia tion-induced (18, 33), and experimental virus-induced (21)...
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...tumors while increasing the incidence of myeloid leukemia and reticulum cell sarcoma (14, 16, 17, 22, 24)....
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