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Journal ArticleDOI

Influence of Residual Stress and Temperature on the Cyclic Hardening Response of M50 High-Strength Bearing Steel Subjected to Rolling Contact Fatigue

01 Apr 2016-Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology-transactions of The Asme (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)-Vol. 138, Iss: 2, pp 021003
TL;DR: In this article, microstructural and mechanical characterization of a through-hardened M50 bearing steel is presented to compare and contrast their performances under rolling contact fatigue (RCF) loading.
Abstract: Microstructural and mechanical characterization investigations on three variants of a through-hardened M50 bearing steel are presented to compare and contrast their performances under rolling contact fatigue (RCF) loading. Baseline (BL) variant of M50 steel bearing balls is subjected to: (i) a surface nitriding treatment and (ii) a surface mechanical processing treatment, to obtain distinct microstructures and mechanical properties. These balls are subjected to RCF loading for several hundred million cycles at two different test temperatures, and the subsequent changes in subsurface hardness and compressive stress–strain response are measured. It was found that the RCF-affected subsurface regions grow larger in size at higher temperature. Micro-indentation hardness measurements within the RCF-affected regions revealed an increase in hardness in all the three variants. The size of the RCF-affected region and intensity of hardening were the largest in the BL material and smallest in the mechanically processed (MP) material. Based on Goodman's diagram, it is shown that the compressive residual stress reduces the effective fully reversed alternating stress amplitude and thereby retards the initiation and evolution of subsurface plasticity within the material during RCF loading. It is quantitatively shown that high material hardness and compressive residual stress are greatly beneficial for enhancing the RCF life of bearings.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of brittleness in white etching matter was determined by electron microscopy, which provided novel insights into cause-effect relationships and evolution mechanisms associated with white etchings.

23 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an elasto-plastic-damage model was developed to investigate the spalling initiation and propagation behavior of bearings under rolling contact fatigue loading, and the intrinsic coupling relationship between the fatigue damage and the elastoneplastic behavior of materials was considered by specifying the damage-related Helmholtz free energy and dissipative potential function in the thermodynamic framework.

17 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental methodology was proposed to measure the location and magnitude of cyclically evolving elastoplastic von Mises stresses in terms of micro-hardness numbers.
Abstract: The failure of a bearing-raceway assembly is governed by the spatial distribution of subsurface stresses at the vicinity of a bearing-raceway contact and the evolution of these stresses during rolling contact fatigue (RCF) loading. In this paper, we propose an experimental methodology that allows one to accurately measure the location and magnitude of the cyclically evolving elastoplastic von Mises stresses in terms of microhardness numbers. An M50NiL steel rod is subjected to RCF by three silicon nitride (Si3N4) balls for over several hundred million cycles at 5.5 GPa contact stress level. Microindentation hardness measurements within the subsurface RCF-affected regions of the rod revealed significant material hardening. A mechanistic methodology to construct a stress-life (S-N) diagram for RCF loading is proposed. S-N diagrams are constructed based on maximum von Mises stress amplitude and volume average von Mises stress amplitude. The effects of elastic modulus and yield strength gradient on stress fields are also considered in this analysis. Comparison of S-N diagrams based on both stress amplitudes indicates that the maximum von Mises stress amplitude overpredicts the fatigue strength of material in S-N diagrams. The experimental results obtained by following this methodology can help construct material hardening models for RCF, which may lead to an improved estimate of bearing fatigue life.

13 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that elastic-plastic stresses are significantly different from the elastic Hertz contact stresses, and that accounting for plastic deformation of the material necessitates significant correction in the material parameters used in the expressions for dynamic capacity calculations.

12 citations

References
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Book
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: Physical Metallurgy Principles as mentioned in this paper is intended for use in an introductory course in physical metallurgy and is designed for all engineering students at the junior or senior level and is largely theoretical, but covers all aspects of physical metelurgy and behavior of metals and alloys.
Abstract: Physical Metallurgy Principles is intended for use in an introductory course in physical metallurgy and is designed for all engineering students at the junior or senior level. The approach is largely theoretical, but covers all aspects of physical metallurgy and behavior of metals and alloys. The treatment used in this textbook is in harmony with a more fundamental approach to engineering education.

2,265 citations

Book
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present methods proven successful in practice, such as safe-life, fail-safe, forecasting of service reliability, monitoring, and inspection; macroscopic and microscopic aspects of fatigue behavior; principles for determining fatigue crack growth and final fracture; scatter of data and statistical methods; environmental factors; and fatigue of joints and compounds.
Abstract: Presents methods proven successful in practice. Covers design procedures, such as safe-life, fail-safe, forecasting of service reliability, monitoring, and inspection; macroscopic and microscopic aspects of fatigue behavior; principles for determining fatigue crack growth and final fracture; scatter of data and statistical methods; environmental factors; and fatigue of joints and compounds. Contains design do's and don'ts and example problems.

1,837 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the structure and properties of bearing steels prior to the point of service are first assessed and described in the context of steelmaking, manufacturing and engineering requirements, followed by a thorough critique of the damage mechanisms that operate during service and in accelerated tests.

729 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that indentation hardness of ductile materials is essentially a measure of their plastic properties, rather than the brittle properties of the material. And the Mohs scratch hardness scale is used to measure the plastic properties of a material.
Abstract: This review is concerned with the basic physical meaning of hardness. It is shown that indentation hardness of ductile materials is essentially a measure of their plastic properties. With brittle solids the high hydrostatic pressures around the deformed region are often sufficient to inhibit brittle fracture. Under these conditions both indentation and scratch hardness are essentially a measure of the plastic rather than the brittle properties of the solid. This provides a simple physical basis for the Mohs scratch hardness scale

547 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, some of the most widely used RCF models are reviewed and discussed, and their limitations are addressed, and the modeling approaches recently proposed by the authors to develop life models and better understanding of the RCF.
Abstract: Ball and rolling element bearings are perhaps the most widely used components in industrial machinery. They are used to support load and allow relative motion inherent in the mechanism to take place. Subsurface originated spalling has been recognized as one of the main modes of failure for rolling contact fatigue (RCF) of bearings. In the past few decades a significant number of investigators have attempted to determine the physical mechanisms involved in rolling contact fatigue of bearings and proposed models to predict their fatigue lives. In this paper, some of the most widely used RCF models are reviewed and discussed, and their limitations are addressed. The paper also presents the modeling approaches recently proposed by the authors to develop life models and better understanding of the RCF.

438 citations