Influence of Stacking Sequence and Fiber Content on the Mechanical Properties of Natural and Synthetic Fibers Reinforced Penta-Layered Hybrid Composites
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of fiber content, stacking pattern, and their sequence on the mechanical properties of hybrid composites in four varieties of four types of composite materials was investigated.
Abstract: The objective of this work is to find the influence of fiber content, stacking pattern, and their sequence on the mechanical properties of hybrid composites Hybrid composites in four varieties wit
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TL;DR: In this article , a composite specimen has been fabricated by using different natural and synthetic fibers, namely, Abaca (A), Hemp (H), Kevlar (K), and Glass (G), and a good agreement has been found between the experimental and the simulation results.
Abstract: Nowadays, the demand for fiber-based composites increases continuously compared to conventional materials because of their excellent mechanical properties. Synthetic fibers have specific advantages over natural fibers. It includes strength to weight ratio, durability, wrinkle resistance, and the ability to absorb moisture is less. However, the synthetic material having a few demerits also. To overcome the drawbacks of the synthetic fiber-based composite, an attempt is made to fabricate the hybrid composite specimen to obtain the combined benefits of the synthetic and natural fiber-based composites. The potential applications of the hybrid composites are aerospace, marine, and industrial structural applications. The composite specimen has been fabricated by using different natural and synthetic fibers, namely, Abaca (A), Hemp (H), Kevlar (K), and Glass (G). The three different hybrid composite specimens have been fabricated, each consisting of 5 layers are as follows, 1) the first and last layers of the specimen are Kevlar, and the remaining layers are Abaca fibers, 2) the first and last layers are Glass, and remaining layers are Hemp fibers, 3) first and the last layer is Glass, and remaining layers are Abaca fibers. The experimental results of the Glass/Hemp based composite have been compared with the simulation results. A good agreement has been found between the experimental and the simulation results. The Kevlar/Abaca composite displays a maximum load-carrying capacity in tensile, flexural, and impact is 5600 N, 86 kgf, and 3.625 J, respectively, followed by the Glass/Hemp and Glass/Abaca composites. It is due to the load being transferred in the following order during tests, which is as follows: matrix, natural fibers, and synthetic fibers. The displacement corresponds to load, which also increases during tests due to the percentage of elongation of the fibers. The interfacial bonding between the matrix and the fiber is also responsible for better results.
28 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the influence of stacking sequence and hybridization on the mechanical, water absorption, and morphological properties of polymer composites was analyzed and the results reveal that the neat kevlar reinforced composite achieved a maximum tensile strength, modulus, and impact strength of 189.94 MPa, 2345.35 MPa and 37.16 kJ/m2 with less water absorption behavior.
Abstract: In this research work, the natural fiber reinforced hybrid epoxy composites were fabricated using the hand lay-up method. The flax and kevlar are used as a reinforcement and epoxy as a binding material. This study aims to analyze the influence of stacking sequence and hybridization on the mechanical, water absorption, and morphological properties of polymer composites. The results reveal that the neat kevlar reinforced composite achieved a maximum tensile strength, modulus, and impact strength of 189.94 MPa, 2345.35 MPa and 37.16 kJ/m2 respectively with less water absorption behavior. Whereas, the hybrid composite with kevlar as an outer layers and flax as core layers was exhibited a maximum flexural strength, modulus, and inter laminar shear strength of 360.76, 37124.2, and 213.51 MPa, respectively. The water absorption percentage was more in neat natural flax reinforced epoxy composite due to its more hydrophilic nature. The scanning electron microscope analysis reveals the proper bonding and adhesion of both kevlar and flax fabrics with the epoxy matrix.
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TL;DR: In this article, the hybrid epoxy nanocomposite and the impact of nanographite reinforcement was investigated using a mechanical stirring technique, and the optimum content of nanoparticle which impacts the sample greatly was found to be 1.5 wt.
Abstract: The nanoparticles are incorporated into the composite to mark their unique properties. This work investigates the hybrid epoxy nanocomposite and the impact of nanographite reinforcement. The composite was prepared by using a mechanical stirring technique. The amount of nanographite was added in different volumes, i.e., 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 wt.%. Results of mechanical and dynamic loading properties were analyzed in accordance to the quantity of nano-G. The fiber and matrix interfacial bonding enrichments were evident in high-resolution SEM images-tensile fracture surface. Finally, the optimum content of nanoparticle which impacts the sample greatly was found to be 1.5 wt.%.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the Young's modulus of a flax fiber is estimated by taking into account the composition of the fibre and the evolution of the orientation of the fibrils during a tensile test.
Abstract: The knowledge of the behaviour of flax fibres is of crucial importance for their use as a reinforcement for composites materials. Flax fibres were tested under tensile loading and in repeated loading–unloading experiments. We have shown that fibre stiffness increases with the strain. This phenomenon is attributed to the orientation of the fibrils with the axis of the fibre when a strain occurs. By using micro-mechanical equations, the Young's modulus of a flax fibre is estimated by taking into account the composition of the fibre and the evolution of the orientation of the fibrils during a tensile test. A good agreement is found between experimental and calculated results. The origin of the large spread observed in the mechanical characteristics is analysed here.
890 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a commercial l -polylactide was converted to film and then used in combination with jute fibre mats to generate composites by a film stacking technique, and composite tensile properties were determined and tensile specimen fracture surfaces were examined using environmental scanning electron microscopy.
507 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the tensile properties of hybrid composites were found to increase substantially with increasing jute fibres loading as compared to oil palm-epoxy composite, and the overall use of hybrid system was found to be effective in increasing tensile and dynamic mechanical properties of the oil palm/polyurethane composite probably due to the enhanced fibre/matrix interface bonding.
Abstract: Hybrid composites prepared by hand lay-up technique by reinforcing jute and oil palm fibres with epoxy matrix. The tensile properties of hybrid composites were found to increase substantially with increasing jute fibres loading as compared to oil palm–epoxy composite. The nature of fibre/matrix interface was examined through scanning electron microscopy of tensile fracture samples. Addition of jute fibres to oil palm composite increases the storage modulus while damping factor shifts towards higher temperature region. Cole–Cole analysis was made to understand the phase behaviour of the composite samples. The hybrid composite with oil palm:jute (1:4) showed maximum damping behaviour and highest tensile properties. The overall use of hybrid system was found to be effective in increasing tensile and dynamic mechanical properties of the oil palm–epoxy composite probably due to the enhanced fibre/matrix interface bonding. The potential applications of the oil palm based hybrid composites in automobiles and building industry are going to increase in near future.
370 citations
DOI•
08 Apr 2005
TL;DR: Fiber crops have accompanied human society since the start of our time as mentioned in this paper and have been extensively developed through breeding and selection, according to the societies’ needs and values, and they are among the earliest known cultivated plants and humans continued the domestication of these crops over millennia.
Abstract: Fiber crops have accompanied human society since the start of our time. In early history,
humans collected the raw materials for ropes and textiles from the wild. Later societies
learned to cultivate such crops. Plant fiber crops are among the earliest known cultivated
plants and humans continued the domestication of these crops over millennia.1 Fiber crop
varieties have been extensively developed through breeding and selection, according to
the societies’ needs and values. For instance, hemp and linen fragments were found in
Neolithic sites in Syria, Turkey, Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq), and Persia (present-day
Iran), and have been carbon dated back to 8000-6000 B.C.2-4 The ancient Egyptians
wrapped their corpses in linen cloth for thousands of years. Tomb paintings and
hieroglyphs show and describe the production of flax, retting, spinning, and weaving as
well as the treatment and dyeing of linen cloths. In Central Europe, the Swiss lake
dwellers started flax cultivation and the production of linen more than 4000 years ago.
Fiber crops have been bred focusing on fiber quality, climatic adaptability, and yield
factors. Ingenious fiber crops, such as flax, hemp, and nettle, possessed great agricultural
importance for the production of textile fibers until the late 19th century. However, the
mechanization of cotton harvest, processing, and development, and the growing demand
for and production of cheap synthetic textile fibers destroyed the production of traditional
fiber crops. Gradually, they became less significant and almost vanished in Western
Europe and North America.
271 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of different stacking sequences of carbon and basalt fabrics on the flexural properties of hybrid composite laminates was investigated, and it was found that the proper stacking sequence of basalt and carbon fiber layers was found to improve the balance of the mechanical properties of the hybrid composite laminate.
Abstract: We investigated the effect of different stacking sequences of carbon and basalt fabrics on the flexural properties of hybrid composite laminates. The hybrid composites were fabricated using a vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding process. Three-point bending test was performed and the fracture surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The present results showed that the flexural strength and modulus of hybrid composite laminates were strongly dependent on the sequence of fiber reinforcement. All the stacking sequences showed a positive hybridization effect. The interply hybrid composite with carbon fiber at the compressive side exhibited higher flexural strength and modulus than when basalt fabric was placed at the compressive side. Here, the proper stacking sequence of basalt and carbon fiber layers was found to improve the balance of the mechanical properties of the hybrid composite laminate.
256 citations