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Journal ArticleDOI

Influence of Trypanosoma evansi in blood, plasma, and brain cholinesterase of experimentally infected cats.

TL;DR: The infection by T. evansi influenced cholinesterases of felines indicating changes in the responses of the cholinergic system.
About: This article is published in Research in Veterinary Science.The article was published on 2010-04-01. It has received 30 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Trypanosoma evansi & Butyrylcholinesterase.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
15 Aug 2018-PLOS ONE
TL;DR: Overall, the results indicate that single and combined infection with T. evansi and T. cruzi represent a severe risk to the health of wild carnivores in the Pantanal region.
Abstract: The occurrence of Trypanosoma spp. in wild carnivore populations has been intensively investigated during the last decades. However, the impact of these parasites on the health of free-living infected animals has been largely neglected. The Pantanal biome is the world's largest seasonal wetland, harboring a great diversity of species and habitats. This includes 174 species of mammals, of which 20 belong to the order Carnivora. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma cruzi infections and coinfections on the health of the most abundant carnivores in the Pantanal: coati (Nasua nasua), crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), and ocelot (Leopardus pardalis). We captured 39 coatis, 48 crab-eating foxes, and 19 ocelots. Diagnostic tests showed T. cruzi infection in 7 crab-eating foxes and 5 coatis. Additionally, 7 crab-eating foxes, 10 coatis, and 12 ocelots were positive for T. evansi. We observed coinfections in 9 crab-eating foxes, 8 coatis, and 2 ocelots. This is the first report of T. evansi and T. cruzi infection on the health of free-living ocelots and crab-eating foxes. We showed that single T. evansi or T. cruzi infection, as well as coinfection, caused some degree of anemia in all animals, as well as an indirect negative effect on body condition in coatis and crab-eating foxes via anemia indicators and immune investment, respectively. Furthermore, the vigorous immune investment observed in sampled coatis, crab-eating foxes and ocelots infected by T. evansi, T. cruzi and coinfected can be highly harmful to their health. Overall, our results indicate that single and combined infection with T. evansi and T. cruzi represent a severe risk to the health of wild carnivores in the Pantanal region.

52 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is proposed that transmission of T. cruzi and T. evansi in the southern Pantanal region takes place via an intricate ecological trophic network involving generalist and specialist mammal species that are linked through a robust food-web connection.
Abstract: We examined by parasitological tests (hemocultures and buffy coat) infection by Trypanosoma cruzi and T. evansi in blood samples from Leopardus pardalis, Cerdocyon thous and domestic dogs. Besides, 25 T. cruzi isolates previously derived from feral pigs and small wild mammals were here characterized by miniexon gene and demonstrated to be in the TcI genotype. Herein, we make an overall analysis of the transmission cycle of both trypanosome species in the light of the assemblage of data collected over the last seven years. The carnivore Nasua nasua was confirmed to play a major role in the transmission cycles of both T. cruzi and T. evansi since it was the species that had the higher prevalence and higher parasitemias by both flagellate species. In addition, our results show that both trypanosomatid species may be found throughout the Pantanal landscape, in all forest strata, as shown by the infection of carnivore, arboreal and terrestrial scansorial marsupial species in complex and seasonal transmission cycles. We propose that transmission of T. cruzi and T. evansi in the southern Pantanal region takes place via an intricate ecological trophic network involving generalist and specialist mammal species that are linked through a robust food-web connection.

47 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results showed that the ADA activity was altered in serum, lymphocytes and erythrocytes of rats, concomitantly with haematological parameters, in experimental infection by T. evansi.
Abstract: In Trypanosoma evansi infections changes in the haemogram are commonly observed, and the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) plays an important role in the production and differentiation of blood cells. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of ADA in serum, erythrocytes and lymphocytes of rats infected with T. evansi compared to non-infected rats. Thirty adult rats were used, divided into 3 uniform groups. The animals in groups A and B were infected intraperitoneally with 2 x 10⁶ trypomastigotes/rat. Rodents from group C (control group), were not-infected. Blood collection was performed on days 4 and 20 post-infection (p.i.) in order to obtain acute and chronic infection stages of disease. The blood was used to assess the activity of ADA. In the blood, reduced haematocrit and increased lymphocytes were correlated with ADA activity in erythrocytes and lymphocytes. We observed reduction of ADA activity in serum and erythrocytes in rats infected with T. evansi compared to non-infected rats (P < 0.05). ADA activity in lymphocytes was decreased after 4 days, when the parasitaemia was high and increased after 20 days, when the number of circulating parasites was low. In conclusion, our results showed that the ADA activity was altered in serum, lymphocytes and erythrocytes of rats, concomitantly with haematological parameters, in experimental infection by T. evansi.

27 citations


Cites background from "Influence of Trypanosoma evansi in ..."

  • ...Our research group has already found decreased activity of acetylcholinesterase in erythrocytes in cats (Da Silva et al. 2010) and an increased lipid peroxidation in rats (Wolkmer et al. 2009) infected with T. evansi....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that the changes in AChE activity and lipid peroxidation in the CNS are induced by infection with T. evansi, suggesting that the parasite interferes with the cholinergic neurotransmission in this experimental condition.

27 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Reductions in the activity of cholinesterase occur in acute infection by T. evansi in rats and this demonstrates an important change occurring in animals infected by the protozoan and may indicate a potential role the enzymes play in the mechanism of disease.

23 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A photometric method for determining acetylcholinesterase activity of tissue extracts, homogenates, cell suspensions, etc., has been described and Kinetic constants determined by this system for erythrocyte eholinesterases are presented.

23,015 citations


"Influence of Trypanosoma evansi in ..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The AChE enzymatic assay in the whole blood was determined by the method of Ellman et al. (1961) modified by Worek et al. (1999)....

    [...]

  • ...The AChE enzymatic assay in the brain was determined by a modification of the spectrophotometric method of Ellman et al. (1961) as previously described by Rocha et al. (1993)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The time is ripe to summarize the evidence on a remarkable diversity of acetylcholinesterase functions, as well as some of the long-suspected 'non-classical' actions of this enzyme, which have more recently driven a profound revolution in research.
Abstract: The discovery of the first neurotransmitter — acetylcholine — was soon followed by the discovery of its hydrolysing enzyme, acetylcholinesterase. The role of acetylcholinesterase in terminating acetylcholine-mediated neurotransmission made it the focus of intense research for much of the past century. But the complexity of acetylcholinesterase gene regulation and recent evidence for some of the long-suspected 'non-classical' actions of this enzyme have more recently driven a profound revolution in acetylcholinesterase research. Although our understanding of the additional roles of acetylcholinesterase is incomplete, the time is ripe to summarize the evidence on a remarkable diversity of acetylcholinesterase functions.

1,216 citations


"Influence of Trypanosoma evansi in ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...This might be explained since this enzyme is one of the most efficient biological catalysts known and plays a key role in cholinergic neurotransmission by hydrolysing the transmitter acetylcholine, thus terminating its action (Soreq and Seidman, 2001; Mesulam et al., 2002)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence that butyrylcholinesterase has important roles in cholinergic neurotransmission and could be involved in other nervous system functions and in neurodegenerative diseases is reviewed.
Abstract: Butyrylcholinesterase is a serine hydrolase related to acetylcholinesterase that catalyses the hydrolysis of esters of choline, including acetylcholine. Butyrylcholinesterase has unique enzymatic properties and is widely distributed in the nervous system, pointing to its possible involvement in neural function. Here, we summarize the biochemical properties of butyrylcholinesterase and review the evidence that this enzyme has important roles in cholinergic neurotransmission and could be involved in other nervous system functions and in neurodegenerative diseases.

736 citations


"Influence of Trypanosoma evansi in ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Acetylcholinesterase (AChE: EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE: EC 3.1.1.8) are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), a key process in the regulation of the cholinergic system (Darvesh et al., 2003)....

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  • ...8) are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), a key process in the regulation of the cholinergic system (Darvesh et al., 2003)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase may provide a desirable feature of cholinergic therapies, including those aimed at treating Alzheimer's disease, and is likely to play a constitutive (rather than just back-up) role in the hydrolysis of acetylcholine in the normal brain.

562 citations


"Influence of Trypanosoma evansi in ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...This might be explained since this enzyme is one of the most efficient biological catalysts known and plays a key role in cholinergic neurotransmission by hydrolysing the transmitter acetylcholine, thus terminating its action (Soreq and Seidman, 2001; Mesulam et al., 2002)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This modified approach provides a simple way for sensitive and precise determination of AChE activity in whole blood in the presence of organophosphates even with low-tech equipment.

470 citations


"Influence of Trypanosoma evansi in ..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The AChE enzymatic assay in the whole blood was determined by the method of Ellman et al. (1961) modified by Worek et al. (1999)....

    [...]