Infrared characteristic group frequencies, tables and charts—Second edition: G. Socrates, Wiley, Chichester, 1994. Pages: xii + 249. $60.00. ISBN 0-471-94230-8
About: This article is published in Talanta.The article was published on 1995-03-01. It has received 13 citations till now.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the growth rate of a hybrid organic-inorganic polymer based on zinc is demonstrated using sequential exposures of diethyl zinc (DEZ, Zn(CH2CH3)2) and ethylene glycol (EG, HOCH 2CH2OH).
Abstract: The molecular layer deposition (MLD) of a hybrid organic-inorganic polymer based on zinc is demonstrated using sequential exposures of diethyl zinc (DEZ, Zn(CH2CH3)2) and ethylene glycol (EG, HOCH2CH2OH). This polymer is representative of a class of zinc alkoxide polymers with an approximate formula of (� ZnORO� )n that can be called ''zincones''. The film growth and surface chemistry during zincone MLD is studied using in-situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements. The absorbance of the infrared features of the zincone film increase progressively versus the number of MLD cycles. The FTIR spectra after the DEZ and EG exposures are consistent with the gain and loss of absorbance from CH, OH, CO, and ZnO stretching vibrations. FTIR studies also confirm the self-limiting nature of the surface reactions and monitor the temperature dependence of the film growth. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of ZrO2 nanoparticles show very conformal zincone films and determine that the growth rate varies from 4.0 A u per MLD cycle at 908C to 0.25 A u per MLD cycle at 1708C. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and X-ray reflectivity (XRR) measurements show linear zincone growth versus the number of MLD cycles. XRR studies on silicon wafers are consistent with a growth rate of 0.7 A u per MLD cycle at 1308C. The higher growth rate on the ZrO2 nanoparticles is attributed to the lower gas conductance and possible CVD reactions in the ZrO2 nanoparticles. The reaction mechanism for zincone MLD is dependent on temperature. At higher temperatures, there is evidence for ''double'' reactions of EG because no free hydroxyl groups are observed in the FTIR spectrum after the EG exposures. The zincone film can grow in the absence of free hydroxyl groups if DEZ can diffuse into the zincone film and react during the subsequent EG exposure. The zincone films initially adsorb H2O upon exposure to air and then are very stable with time.
119 citations
Cites background from "Infrared characteristic group frequ..."
...Most of these vibrational features have been identified previously.([29]) The Zn O stretching vibration was assigned to the absorbance feature at 888 cm (1)....
[...]
TL;DR: In this article, the photosensitivity of metal xanthates was exploited as a powerful tool for lithographic structuring of metal sulfide layers for hybrid solar cells, which provided new pathways to fabricate highly ordered structured metal sulfides with periodicities far below 100 nm.
Abstract: We present a versatile strategy toward the preparation of nanostructured metal sulfide layers, which exploits the photosensitivity of metal xanthates as a powerful tool for lithographic structuring. Using extreme ultraviolet interference lithography (EUV-IL), we successfully realized well-defined column and comb nanostructures. This approach provides new pathways to fabricate highly ordered structured metal sulfide layers with periodicities far below 100 nm for potential application in hybrid solar cells.
26 citations
Dissertation•
29 May 2019
TL;DR: In this article, the toxicity level of n-hexane fraction steroid isolates and determination of the type of steroids in red algae Eucheuma cottonii were determined by using the BSLT method.
Abstract: INDONESIA :
Alga merah Eucheuma cottonii memiliki kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder dengan manfaat yang beragam. Senyawa steroid merupakan salah satu senyawa metabolit sekunder dengan tingkat toksisitas yang tinggi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat toksisitas isolat steroid fraksi n-heksana dan mengetahui jenis steroid pada alga merah Eucheuma cottonii.
Isolasi Eucheuma cottonii dilakukan dengan ekstraksi maserasi pelarut metanol. Ekstrak kasar yang didapat dihidrolisis dengan HCl 2 N dan dipartisi dengan pelarut n-heksana. Fraksi n-heksana diuji fitokimia dengan reagen Liebermann-Burchard. Kemudian diisolasi menggunakan kromatografi kolom dengan gradien eluen n-heksana:etil asetat (95:5, 90:10, 85:15, 80:20, 75:25, 70:30). Senyawa steroid yang terpisahkan dengan baik dilakukan uji toksisitas metode BSLT pada konsentrasi 1 ppm, 2 ppm, 3 ppm, 4 ppm, dan 5 ppm. Isolat dengan nilai toksik tertinggi diidentifikasi menggunakan UV-Vis, FTIR dan LCMS/MS.
Fraksi n-heksana yang diuji fitokimia dengan reagen Liebermann-Burchard menghasilkan cincin hijau yang menandakan positif mengandung steroid. Hasil pemisahan kromatografi kolom senyawa steroid memberi nilai LC50 sebesar 11,0746 ppm pada uji toksisitas BSLT. Identifikasi menggunakan UV-Vis memberi serapan 203 nm dan 276 nm. Hasil identifikasi FTIR menunjukkan serapan khas steroid OH dan C-O alkohol sekunder. Hasil LCMS/MS isolat menunjukkan adanya steroid jenis sitosterol, fukosterol, kolesterol dan demosterol.
ENGLISH :
Red algae Eucheuma cottonii contains secondary metabolites with various benefits. Steroid compounds are one of the active secondary metabolites with high toxicity. This study was conducted with the aim to determine the toxicity level of n-hexane fraction steroid isolates and determine the type of steroids in red algae Eucheuma cottonii.
Macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii has steroid content with a good level of toxicity. Isolation of Eucheuma cottonii was carried out with methanol solvent maceration extraction. The crude extract obtained was hydrolyzed with HCl 2 N and partitioned with n-hexane. Furthermore, it was isolated using column chromatography with n-hexane: ethyl acetate eluent gradient (95:5, 90:10, 85:15, 80:20, 75:25, 70:30). The results monitored by ATLC. The best result of separation by ATLC was tested for toxicity with the BSLT method at a concentration of 1 ppm, 2 ppm, 3 ppm, 4 ppm, and 5 ppm. Isolates with the highest toxic levels were identified by UV-Vis and FTIR
The n-hexane fraction tested by phytochemical with the Liebermann-Burchard reagent, and produced a green ring which indicated positive steroid content. The results of column chromatography separation in steroid compounds which gave LC50 values of 11.0746 ppm in the BSLT toxicity test. Identification using UV-Vis gives absorption of 203 nm and 276 nm. The results of FTIR identification showed a typical absorption of steroid OH, and secondary alcohols in C-O. Isolate LCMS/MS results showed the presence of sitosterol steroids, fukosterol, cholesterol and demosterol.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of pH, template and concentration of racemate solution on the performance of the phenylalanine (Phe) imprinted polymeric submicron/nanoscale beads were studied.
Abstract: Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) submicron/nanoscale beads selective for L-Phenylalanine (L-Phe) and D-Phe as well as non-imprinted beads were prepared by modified suspension polymerization involving agitation of the reaction mixture at high rotation speed under safe radical conditions. The effects of pH, template and concentration of racemate solution on the performance of the phenylalanine (Phe) imprinted polymeric submicron/nanoscale beads were studied. L-Phe-imprinted submicron/nanoscale beads prepared for the first time by modified suspension polymer- ization showed enhanced adsorption capacity and selectivity over those of D-Phe imprinted and non-imprinted beads. Maximum adsorption capacity, 0.35 mg/g, and selectivity, 1.62, of L-Phe imprinted submicron/nanoscale beads were higher than the adsorption capacities, 0.30 and 0.19 mg/g, and selectivities, 1.59 and 1.02, of D-Phe imprinted and non- imprinted submicron/nanoscale beads, respectively. FE-SEM analyses revealed that L- and D-Phe imprinted beads were larger (100 nm-1.5 µm) than non-imprinted nanobeads (100-800 nm). 13 C CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy helped in cor- relating the bead sizes and the extent of reaction during polymerization. Similarly, FT-IR study was used for evaluation of structural characteristics of the prepared Phe-imprinted and non-imprinted beads. The preparation of Phe-imprinted submicron/nanoscale beads with improved adsorption and separation properties and the study of effect of template on the size and performance of the prepared beads are suitable from both economical and research point of view in MIP field.
13 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of the dopant to the layer properties was investigated by using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectrography.
Abstract: Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition phosphoros-doped silicon oxynitride (SiON) layers with a refractive index of 1.505 were deposited from $N_{2}O$, 2% $SiH_{4}/N_{2}$, and 5% $PH_{3}/Ar$ gaseous mixtures. The $PH_{3}/Ar$ flow rate was varied to investigate the effect of the dopant to the layer properties. We studied the compositions and the chemical environment of phosphorus, silicon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen in these layers by using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The number of N-H and O-H bonds, which are responsible for optical losses around 1.55 and 1.3 μm, decreases in the as-deposited layers with increasing phosphorus concentration. Furthermore, the bonded hyrogen in all P-doped layers has been eliminated after annealing at a temperature significantly lower than required for undoped silicon oxynitride layers, that is so to say 1000°C instead of 1150°C. The resulting optical loss in the entire third telecommunication window was well below 0.2dB/cm, making P-doped SiON an attractive material for demanding integrated optics applications.
13 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: In this paper, the growth rate of a hybrid organic-inorganic polymer based on zinc is demonstrated using sequential exposures of diethyl zinc (DEZ, Zn(CH2CH3)2) and ethylene glycol (EG, HOCH 2CH2OH).
Abstract: The molecular layer deposition (MLD) of a hybrid organic-inorganic polymer based on zinc is demonstrated using sequential exposures of diethyl zinc (DEZ, Zn(CH2CH3)2) and ethylene glycol (EG, HOCH2CH2OH). This polymer is representative of a class of zinc alkoxide polymers with an approximate formula of (� ZnORO� )n that can be called ''zincones''. The film growth and surface chemistry during zincone MLD is studied using in-situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements. The absorbance of the infrared features of the zincone film increase progressively versus the number of MLD cycles. The FTIR spectra after the DEZ and EG exposures are consistent with the gain and loss of absorbance from CH, OH, CO, and ZnO stretching vibrations. FTIR studies also confirm the self-limiting nature of the surface reactions and monitor the temperature dependence of the film growth. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of ZrO2 nanoparticles show very conformal zincone films and determine that the growth rate varies from 4.0 A u per MLD cycle at 908C to 0.25 A u per MLD cycle at 1708C. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and X-ray reflectivity (XRR) measurements show linear zincone growth versus the number of MLD cycles. XRR studies on silicon wafers are consistent with a growth rate of 0.7 A u per MLD cycle at 1308C. The higher growth rate on the ZrO2 nanoparticles is attributed to the lower gas conductance and possible CVD reactions in the ZrO2 nanoparticles. The reaction mechanism for zincone MLD is dependent on temperature. At higher temperatures, there is evidence for ''double'' reactions of EG because no free hydroxyl groups are observed in the FTIR spectrum after the EG exposures. The zincone film can grow in the absence of free hydroxyl groups if DEZ can diffuse into the zincone film and react during the subsequent EG exposure. The zincone films initially adsorb H2O upon exposure to air and then are very stable with time.
119 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the photosensitivity of metal xanthates was exploited as a powerful tool for lithographic structuring of metal sulfide layers for hybrid solar cells, which provided new pathways to fabricate highly ordered structured metal sulfides with periodicities far below 100 nm.
Abstract: We present a versatile strategy toward the preparation of nanostructured metal sulfide layers, which exploits the photosensitivity of metal xanthates as a powerful tool for lithographic structuring. Using extreme ultraviolet interference lithography (EUV-IL), we successfully realized well-defined column and comb nanostructures. This approach provides new pathways to fabricate highly ordered structured metal sulfide layers with periodicities far below 100 nm for potential application in hybrid solar cells.
26 citations
Dissertation•
29 May 2019
TL;DR: In this article, the toxicity level of n-hexane fraction steroid isolates and determination of the type of steroids in red algae Eucheuma cottonii were determined by using the BSLT method.
Abstract: INDONESIA :
Alga merah Eucheuma cottonii memiliki kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder dengan manfaat yang beragam. Senyawa steroid merupakan salah satu senyawa metabolit sekunder dengan tingkat toksisitas yang tinggi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat toksisitas isolat steroid fraksi n-heksana dan mengetahui jenis steroid pada alga merah Eucheuma cottonii.
Isolasi Eucheuma cottonii dilakukan dengan ekstraksi maserasi pelarut metanol. Ekstrak kasar yang didapat dihidrolisis dengan HCl 2 N dan dipartisi dengan pelarut n-heksana. Fraksi n-heksana diuji fitokimia dengan reagen Liebermann-Burchard. Kemudian diisolasi menggunakan kromatografi kolom dengan gradien eluen n-heksana:etil asetat (95:5, 90:10, 85:15, 80:20, 75:25, 70:30). Senyawa steroid yang terpisahkan dengan baik dilakukan uji toksisitas metode BSLT pada konsentrasi 1 ppm, 2 ppm, 3 ppm, 4 ppm, dan 5 ppm. Isolat dengan nilai toksik tertinggi diidentifikasi menggunakan UV-Vis, FTIR dan LCMS/MS.
Fraksi n-heksana yang diuji fitokimia dengan reagen Liebermann-Burchard menghasilkan cincin hijau yang menandakan positif mengandung steroid. Hasil pemisahan kromatografi kolom senyawa steroid memberi nilai LC50 sebesar 11,0746 ppm pada uji toksisitas BSLT. Identifikasi menggunakan UV-Vis memberi serapan 203 nm dan 276 nm. Hasil identifikasi FTIR menunjukkan serapan khas steroid OH dan C-O alkohol sekunder. Hasil LCMS/MS isolat menunjukkan adanya steroid jenis sitosterol, fukosterol, kolesterol dan demosterol.
ENGLISH :
Red algae Eucheuma cottonii contains secondary metabolites with various benefits. Steroid compounds are one of the active secondary metabolites with high toxicity. This study was conducted with the aim to determine the toxicity level of n-hexane fraction steroid isolates and determine the type of steroids in red algae Eucheuma cottonii.
Macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii has steroid content with a good level of toxicity. Isolation of Eucheuma cottonii was carried out with methanol solvent maceration extraction. The crude extract obtained was hydrolyzed with HCl 2 N and partitioned with n-hexane. Furthermore, it was isolated using column chromatography with n-hexane: ethyl acetate eluent gradient (95:5, 90:10, 85:15, 80:20, 75:25, 70:30). The results monitored by ATLC. The best result of separation by ATLC was tested for toxicity with the BSLT method at a concentration of 1 ppm, 2 ppm, 3 ppm, 4 ppm, and 5 ppm. Isolates with the highest toxic levels were identified by UV-Vis and FTIR
The n-hexane fraction tested by phytochemical with the Liebermann-Burchard reagent, and produced a green ring which indicated positive steroid content. The results of column chromatography separation in steroid compounds which gave LC50 values of 11.0746 ppm in the BSLT toxicity test. Identification using UV-Vis gives absorption of 203 nm and 276 nm. The results of FTIR identification showed a typical absorption of steroid OH, and secondary alcohols in C-O. Isolate LCMS/MS results showed the presence of sitosterol steroids, fukosterol, cholesterol and demosterol.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of pH, template and concentration of racemate solution on the performance of the phenylalanine (Phe) imprinted polymeric submicron/nanoscale beads were studied.
Abstract: Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) submicron/nanoscale beads selective for L-Phenylalanine (L-Phe) and D-Phe as well as non-imprinted beads were prepared by modified suspension polymerization involving agitation of the reaction mixture at high rotation speed under safe radical conditions. The effects of pH, template and concentration of racemate solution on the performance of the phenylalanine (Phe) imprinted polymeric submicron/nanoscale beads were studied. L-Phe-imprinted submicron/nanoscale beads prepared for the first time by modified suspension polymer- ization showed enhanced adsorption capacity and selectivity over those of D-Phe imprinted and non-imprinted beads. Maximum adsorption capacity, 0.35 mg/g, and selectivity, 1.62, of L-Phe imprinted submicron/nanoscale beads were higher than the adsorption capacities, 0.30 and 0.19 mg/g, and selectivities, 1.59 and 1.02, of D-Phe imprinted and non- imprinted submicron/nanoscale beads, respectively. FE-SEM analyses revealed that L- and D-Phe imprinted beads were larger (100 nm-1.5 µm) than non-imprinted nanobeads (100-800 nm). 13 C CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy helped in cor- relating the bead sizes and the extent of reaction during polymerization. Similarly, FT-IR study was used for evaluation of structural characteristics of the prepared Phe-imprinted and non-imprinted beads. The preparation of Phe-imprinted submicron/nanoscale beads with improved adsorption and separation properties and the study of effect of template on the size and performance of the prepared beads are suitable from both economical and research point of view in MIP field.
13 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of the dopant to the layer properties was investigated by using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectrography.
Abstract: Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition phosphoros-doped silicon oxynitride (SiON) layers with a refractive index of 1.505 were deposited from $N_{2}O$, 2% $SiH_{4}/N_{2}$, and 5% $PH_{3}/Ar$ gaseous mixtures. The $PH_{3}/Ar$ flow rate was varied to investigate the effect of the dopant to the layer properties. We studied the compositions and the chemical environment of phosphorus, silicon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen in these layers by using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The number of N-H and O-H bonds, which are responsible for optical losses around 1.55 and 1.3 μm, decreases in the as-deposited layers with increasing phosphorus concentration. Furthermore, the bonded hyrogen in all P-doped layers has been eliminated after annealing at a temperature significantly lower than required for undoped silicon oxynitride layers, that is so to say 1000°C instead of 1150°C. The resulting optical loss in the entire third telecommunication window was well below 0.2dB/cm, making P-doped SiON an attractive material for demanding integrated optics applications.
13 citations