Inherent scatter of wave forces on submerged structures

TL;DR: In this article, a mathematical model was developed for predicting the scatter of wave forces on offshore structures (e.g., pilings and pipelines); it was based on an analysis of the effects of distortions in the flow pattern under the wave that are induced by the structure itself during preceding wave cycles in the form of wakes.

Abstract: A mathematical model was developed for predicting the scatter of wave forces on offshore structures (e.g., pilings and pipelines); it was based on an analysis of the effects of distortions in the flow pattern under the wave that are induced by the structure itself during preceding wave cycles in the form of wakes for the case of large amplitude oscillations and velocities of sufficient magnitude to cause turbulent flow and to generate drag forces that are large compared with the inertial forces. The model gave values for the drag forces in good agreement with the experimental data of Keulegan and Carpenter and with experimental data on the drag forces on an oscillating body in a fluid obtained in a Ryon wave tank at Rice University. A graphical solution for arbitrarily reversing flows was obtained.