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Book•DOI•

Innovative Saline Agriculture

J. C. Dagar, P. C. Sharma, D. K. Sharma, Ajay Singh
01 Jan 2016-
TL;DR: In this article, modern tools and techniques for diagnosis and prognosis of salty soils and poor-quality waters have been discussed, and approaches of stimulating soil biological processes and use of nanotechnology have been explored.
Abstract: Agriculture sector plays a pivotal role in ensuring food and livelihood security and sustainable economic development. This sector, over the years, has been confronted with many challenges. Global warming and resource degradation are major challenges being faced by this sector in present scenario. Global warming and aberrations in climate particularly in rainfall are the reality, which the farmers are facing on day-to-day basis. In coastal areas due to sea level rise, the saline areas are increasing, and we would have to develop new technologies of increasing crop productivity in these areas. In future, agricultural use of poor-quality waters is inevitable. So far conventional methods of survey and reclamation of salt-affected soils are followed. In present publication, modern tools and techniques for diagnosis and prognosis of salty soils and poor-quality waters have been discussed. For enhancing crop productivity from salty lands, approaches of stimulating soil biological processes and use of nanotechnology have been explored. So far very little is known about the role of microbiology in soil reclamation processes. An innovative approach in the field of rhizosphere engineering leading to sustainable crop production in sodic soils has been discussed. Integrated drainage solutions for reclaiming saline soils have been suggested. Possibilities of several alternatives to utilize sodic, saline, and other poor-quality waters have been explored. So far agroforestry was considered only a sustainable J.C. Dagar (*) ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132 001, India Superannuated from Natural Resource Management Division, Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan II Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India e-mail: dagarjc@gmail.com P.C. Sharma ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132 001, India # Springer India 2016 J.C. Dagar et al. (eds.), Innovative Saline Agriculture, DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2770-0_1 1 farming system, but its other role as a problem-solving and remunerative tool for degraded land and water resources is quite eminent now. Besides providing livelihood security to poor families, it provides for an immense scope of environmental services. Next-generation problems such as contamination of soil and underground water due to fluoride and arsenic have been discussed at length. On the whole different chapters are compiled in a mode to bring out the diversified role of saline agriculture in tackling complex problem of salinity and waterlogging and safer management of poor-quality waters. Presently mankind is threatened by two serious problems, viz., global warming and food insecurity. The ever-increasing world’s population of about 7 billion is expected to increase to 9.1 billion by 2050, putting huge pressure on food availability. By this time, another 1 billion Mg of cereals and 200 million Mg of extra livestock products need to be produced every year. The imperative for such agricultural growth is strongest in developing countries, where the challenge is not just to produce food but to ensure that the people have access that will bring them food security. Figures presented in FAO’s “The State of Food Insecurity in the World” show that in 2010–2012, about 870 million people (14.9 % of the world’s population) were undernourished and an estimated 11 % of the world’s population was living without access to adequate drinking water. The total surface area of the planet Earth is 509 million km, out of which 29 % is the land area and 71 % is the area of water. In the total water area, 97 % is the salt water and only 3 % is the fresh water. Out of 13.38 billion hectare available land area in the world, more than 1.6 billion ha (about 12 % of total) is currently in use for cultivation of agricultural crops, 28 % (3.7 billion ha) is under forest, and 35 % (4.6 billion ha) comprises grasslands and woodland ecosystems. Broadly about 37.6 % of the land is categorized as agricultural land, 31.1 % as forest, and the rest in other category. Out of 4,889 million ha (Mha) agricultural land, 28.3 % is arable, 3.1 % under permanent crops, and the rest (68.8 %) under meadows and pastures. The projected increase of arable land in agricultural use is a small proportion (6.6 %) of the total unused land with rainfed crop production potential. Further, it is very difficult to divert land from other categories to agriculture leaving the only option of enhancing productivity per hectare basis and to reclaim every piece of degraded land for cultivation in all the agroclimatic regions. Sustainable food security is further affected by various factors, mainly persistent land degradation, land fragmentation, labor problem, and overexploitation of natural resources. The global extent of land degradation is about 2 billion ha, out of which erosion by water being the chief contributor (~50 %) followed by wind erosion (~25 %), chemical degradation (~12.5 %), and physical degradation. Some estimates, however, reported 1,216 million ha (Mha) land as degraded in the world. In India, about 121 Mha is estimated to be degraded land. On the global scale, the annual loss of 75 billion Mg of soil costs the world about US$ 400 billion per year or approximately US$ 70 per person per year. Therefore, all degraded lands including saltaffected and waterlogged need to be brought under production system. Nearly 1 billion hectares of arid and semiarid areas of the world is salt-affected and remains barren due to salinity or water scarcity. However, in arid and semiarid regions, irrigation without adequate drainage is leading to waterlogging and secondary salinization. Nearly 60 Mha of land area is already severely waterlogged and about 20 Mha is afflicted with salinity problems. An estimated land area of 3.45 Mha is afflicted with secondary salinization, while 4.52 Mha is prone to waterlogging problems in India. The problem 2 J.C. Dagar and P.C. Sharma
Citations
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Journal Article•DOI•
Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology

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I. L. Gibson
01 Sep 1976-Mineralogical Magazine

1,571 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Which practices co‐deliver food security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and combat land degradation and desertification?

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Pete Smith1, Katherine Calvin2, Johnson Nkem3, Donovan Campbell4, Francesco Cherubini5, Giacomo Grassi, Vladimir Korotkov, Anh Le Hoang6, Shuaib Lwasa7, Pamela McElwee8, Ephraim Nkonya9, Nobuko Saigusa10, Jean-François Soussana11, Miguel Angel Taboada12, Frances Manning1, Dorothy Kalule Nampanzira7, Cristina Arias-Navarro11, Matteo Vizzarri, Jo House13, Stephanie Roe14, Annette Cowie15, Mark Rounsevell16, Mark Rounsevell17, Almut Arneth17 •
University of Aberdeen1, Joint Global Change Research Institute2, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa3, University of the West Indies4, Norwegian University of Science and Technology5, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development6, Makerere University7, Rutgers University8, International Food Policy Research Institute9, National Institute for Environmental Studies10, Institut national de la recherche agronomique11, International Trademark Association12, University of Bristol13, University of Virginia14, University of New England (Australia)15, University of Edinburgh16, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology17
01 Mar 2020-Global Change Biology
TL;DR: A number of practices, such as increased food productivity, dietary change and reduced food loss and waste, can reduce demand for land conversion, thereby potentially freeing‐up land and creating opportunities for enhanced implementation of other practices, making them important components of portfolios of practices to address the combined land challenges.
Abstract: There is a clear need for transformative change in the land management and food production sectors to address the global land challenges of climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation, combatting land degradation and desertification, and delivering food security (referred to hereafter as "land challenges"). We assess the potential for 40 practices to address these land challenges and find that: Nine options deliver medium to large benefits for all four land challenges. A further two options have no global estimates for adaptation, but have medium to large benefits for all other land challenges. Five options have large mitigation potential (>3 Gt CO2 eq/year) without adverse impacts on the other land challenges. Five options have moderate mitigation potential, with no adverse impacts on the other land challenges. Sixteen practices have large adaptation potential (>25 million people benefit), without adverse side effects on other land challenges. Most practices can be applied without competing for available land. However, seven options could result in competition for land. A large number of practices do not require dedicated land, including several land management options, all value chain options, and all risk management options. Four options could greatly increase competition for land if applied at a large scale, though the impact is scale and context specific, highlighting the need for safeguards to ensure that expansion of land for mitigation does not impact natural systems and food security. A number of practices, such as increased food productivity, dietary change and reduced food loss and waste, can reduce demand for land conversion, thereby potentially freeing-up land and creating opportunities for enhanced implementation of other practices, making them important components of portfolios of practices to address the combined land challenges.

163 citations

Cites background from "Innovative Saline Agriculture"

  • ...Not all of this expansion will be from grasslands Practice Potential Confidence Citation Dietary change No global estimates No evidence Muller et al. (2017) Reduced post-harvest losses 320–400 million people Medium confidence Kummu et al. (2012) Reduced food waste (consumer or retailer) No global estimates No evidence Muller et al. (2017) Material substitution No global estimates No evidence Sustainable sourcing >1 million Low confidence Tayleur et al. (2017) Management of supply chains >100 million Medium confidence Campbell et al. (2016), Ivanic and Martin (2008), Timmer (2009), Vermeulen et al. (2012) Enhanced urban food systems No global estimates No evidence Improved food processing and retailing 500 million people Low confidence World Bank (2017) Improved energy use in food systems 760 million Low confidence World Bank (2017) TA B L E 9 Summary of adaptation effects of practices based on demand management Practice Potential Confidence Citation Management of urban sprawl Unquantified but likely to be many millions Low confidence Stone et al. (2010) Livelihood diversification >100 million likely Low confidence Morton (2007), Rigg (2006) Use of local seeds Unquantified but likely to be many millions Low confidence Louwaars (2002), Santilli (2012) Disaster risk management >100 million High confidence Hillbruner and Moloney (2012) Risk sharing instruments Unquantified but likely to be several million Low confidence Platteau et al. (2017) TA B L E 1 0 Summary of adaptation effects of practices based on risk management TA B L E 11 Summary of effects on land degradation and desertification of practices based on land management Practice Potential Confidence Citation Increased food productivity 11.1–15.1 Mkm2 Low confidence Burney et al. (2010) Improved cropland management 10 Mkm2 Low confidence Lal (2015), Smith, House, et al. (2016), Schwilch et al. (2014) Improved grazing land management 10 Mkm2 Low confidence Smith, House, et al. (2016), Schwilch et al. (2014) Improved livestock management 10 Mkm2 Low confidence Lal (2015), Smith, House, et al. (2016), Miao et al. (2015), Squires and Karami (2005) Agroforestry 10 Mkm2 (with >10% tree cover) Medium confidence Garrity (2012) Agricultural diversification 1–5 Mkm2 Low confidence Lambin and Meyfroidt (2011), Schwilch et al. (2014) Reduced grassland conversion to cropland Up to 17.4 thousand km2/year Low confidence Foley et al. (2011) Integrated water management 10 thousand km2 Low confidence Caon and Vargas (2017), UNCCD (2013) Improved and sustainable forest management >3 Mkm2 Low confidence Caon and Vargas (2017), UNCCD (2013), Núñez et al. (2010) Reduced deforestation and degradation >3 Mkm2 by the end of the century Low confidence Keenan et al. (2015), Núñez et al. (2010) Reforestation and forest restoration >3 Mkm2 suitable for restoration Medium confidence UNCCD (2013), Wolff et al. (2018), Bastin et al. (2019) Afforestation up to 25.8 Mkm2 by the end of the century Low confidence Griscom et al. (2017), Kreidenweis et al. (2016), Popp et al. (2017) Increased soil organic carbon content Up to 11.37 Mkm2 Medium confidence Lal (2001), Lal (2004) Reduced soil erosion Up to 11.37 Mkm2 Medium confidence Lal (2001), Lal (2004) Reduced soil salinization 0.77 Mkm2/year Medium confidence Oldeman et al. (1991) Reduced soil compaction 10 Mkm2 Low confidence FAO and ITPS (2015), Hamza and Anderson (2005) Biochar addition to soil No global estimates No evidence Fire management Up to 3.5–4.9 Mkm2/ year Medium confidence Arora and Melton (2018), Randerson et al. (2012), Tansey et al. (2004) Reduced landslides and natural hazards 1–5 Mkm2 Low confidence FAO and ITPS (2015), Gariano and Guzzetti (2016), Djeddaoui, Chadli, and Gloaguen (2017), Noble et al. (2014) Reduced pollution including acidification 1.03 Mkm2/year Low confidence Oldeman et al. (1991) Management of invasive species/encroachment No global estimates No evidence Restoration and reduced conversion of coastal wetlands 0.29 Mkm2 Medium confidence Griscom et al. (2017) Restoration and reduced conversion of peatlands 0.46 Mkm2 Medium confidence Griscom et al. (2017) Biodiversity conservation No global estimates No evidence Enhanced weathering of minerals Positive but not quantified Low confidence Beerling et al. (2018) Bioenergy and BECCS Potential impact on up to 15 Mkm2 with possible negative consequences; potential for positive impacts in some circumstances Medium confidence Clarke et al. (2014), Popp et al. (2017), Smith, Davis, et al. (2016), Smith, Haszeldine et al. (2016), Smith, House, et al. (2016) Abbreviation: BECCS, bioenergy with carbon capture and strorage. or in degraded/desertified areas, but this value sets the maximum contribution of preventing the conversion of grasslands to croplands, a small global benefit for land degradation and desertification control (Table 11)....

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  • ...Practice Potential Confidence Citation Management of urban sprawl >1 million likely Low confidence Bren d'Amour et al. (2016), Chen (2017) Livelihood diversification >100 million Low confidence Morton (2007) Use of local seeds >100 million Low confidence Altieri et al. (2012) Disaster risk management > 100 million Medium confidence Genesio et al. (2011), Hillbruner and Moloney (2012) Risk sharing instruments >1 million likely Low confidence Claassen et al. (2011), Goodwin et al. (2004) TA B L E 1 6 Summary of effects on food security of risk management options Risk sharing instruments are often aimed at sharing food supplies, and thus are likely to have important, but unquantified, benefits for food security....

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  • ...Journal of New Seeds, 4(1–2), 1–14. https ://doi.org/10.1300/J153v 04n01_01 Lowder, S. K., Skoet, J., & Raney, T. (2016)....

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  • ...The estimates consider a cumulated effect to the end of the century Increased soil organic carbon content Up to 3,200 million people Low confidence IPBES (2018) Reduced soil erosion Up to 3,200 million people Low confidence IPBES (2018) Reduced soil salinization 1–25 million people Low confidence Dagar et al. (2016), Qadir et al. (2013), UNCTAD (2011) Reduced soil compaction <1 million people Low confidence Chamen et al. (2015), Epron et al. (2016), Tullberg et al. (2018) Biochar addition to soil Up to 3,200 million people; but potential negative (unquantified) impacts if arable land used for feedstock production Low confidence Jeffery et al. (2017) Fire management >5.8 million people affected by wildfire; max....

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  • ...Low confidence Fuss et al. (2018), Muller et al. (2017), Smith, Davis, et al. (2016) Abbreviation: BECCS, bioenergy with carbon capture and strorage. events and natural disasters, and poverty (e.g., Smith et al., 2014)....

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Phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soils and water:Progresses and perspectives

[...]

Moe Key1•
Zhejiang University1
01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: A brief review on recent progress in research and practical applications of phytoremediation for soil and water resources can be found in this paper, where the authors attempted to provide a brief review of the progress in the field of biotechnology.
Abstract: Environmental pollution affects the quality of pedosphere,hydrosphere,atmosphere,lithosphere and biosphere.Great efforts have been made in the last two decades to reduce pollution sources and remedy the polluted soil and water resources.Phytoremediation,being more cost-effective and fewer side effects than physical and chemical approaches,has gained increasing popularity in both academic and practical circles.More than 400 plant species have been identified to have potential for soil and water remediation.Among them,Thlaspi,Brassica,Sedum alfredii H.,and Arabidopsis species have been mostly studied.It is also expected that recent advances in biotechnology will play a promising role in the development of new hyperaccumulators by transferring metal hyperaccumulating genes from low biomass wild species to the higher biomass producing cultivated species in the times to come.This paper attempted to provide a brief review on recent progresses in research and practical applications of phytoremediation for soil and water resources.

114 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Impacts of climate change on the livestock food supply chain; a review of the evidence.

[...]

Cecile Godde1, Daniel Mason-D'Croz1, Dianne Mayberry1, Phillip K. Thornton2, Mario Herrero1 •
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation1, CGIAR2
01 Mar 2021-Global Food Security
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the risk of climate-related impacts along the land-based livestock food supply chain, from farm production to processing operations, storage, transport, retailing and human consumption.

91 citations

Posted Content•
Low risk for helminth infection in wastewater-fed rice cultivation in Vietnam

[...]

Do Thuy Trang, Wim van der Hoek, Phung Dac Cam, K. T. Vinh, N. Van Hoa, Anders Dalsgaard 
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: No evidence was shown that rice cultivation with wastewater poses a risk for helminth infection and children living in the wastewater use area had a significantly better nutritional status than those in the area using river water, which suggests a generally higher welfare level of the wastewater Use area.
Abstract: This study was done to assess the risk of helminth infection in association with wastewater-fed rice cultivation in an agricultural setting of Nam Dinh city, Vietnam. In a cross sectional survey data were collected for 202 households in a commune where wastewater was used for irrigation and for 201 households in a commune that used river water. Parasitological examination was conducted on single stool samples obtained from 1,088 individuals aged -15 years from the households. The irrigation water used in both communes was enumerated for helminth eggs and thermotolerant coliforms. The prevalence of infection with Ascaris spp., Trichuris spp., and hookworm was 42.2%, 19.9% and 10.5% respectively, with an overall prevalence of infection with any helminth of 53.4%. Surprisingly, the prevalence of infection with Ascaris and Trichuris was lower among people exposed to wastewater (containing 40-200 helminth eggs/l and 10(4) thermotolerant coliforms/100 ml) compared to people exposed to river water that contained lower worm egg and bacterial numbers. Poor sanitation and hygiene practices and not using protective measures were important independent risk factors for helminth infection. For hookworm infection, no significant difference was observed between the wastewater exposed and unexposed groups. Children living in the wastewater use area had a significantly better nutritional status than those in the area using river water. This suggests a generally higher welfare level of the wastewater use area. In conclusion, this study showed no evidence that rice cultivation with wastewater poses a risk for helminth infection. More detailed studies are needed on the reduction of fecal indicators and helminth eggs in peri-urban wastewater-irrigated rice culture systems and on the relative importance of wastewater irrigation compared to other risk factors for human helminth infection such as poor sanitation and poverty.

60 citations

References
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Book•
Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability

[...]

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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors set the stage for impact, adaptation, and vulnerability assessment of climate change in the context of sustainable development and equity, and developed and applied scenarios in Climate Change Impact, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Assessment.
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Journal Article•DOI•
Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals

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André Tessier, Peter G. C. Campbell, Marc Bisson
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Abstract: An analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions has been developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual. Experimental results obtained on replicate samples of fluvial bottom sediments demonstrate that the relative standard deviation of the sequential extraction procedure Is generally better than =10%. The accuracy, evaluated by comparing total trace metal concentrations with the sum of the five Individual fractions, proved to be satisfactory. Complementary measurements were performed on the Individual leachates, and on the residual sediments following each extraction, to evaluate the selectivity of the various reagents toward specific geochemical phases. An application of the proposed method to river sediments is described, and the resulting trace metal speciation is discussed.

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Journal Article•DOI•
Mechanisms of salinity tolerance

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Rana Munns, Mark Tester
29 Apr 2008-Annual Review of Plant Biology
TL;DR: The physiological and molecular mechanisms of tolerance to osmotic and ionic components of salinity stress are reviewed at the cellular, organ, and whole-plant level and the role of the HKT gene family in Na(+) exclusion from leaves is increasing.
Abstract: The physiological and molecular mechanisms of tolerance to osmotic and ionic components of salinity stress are reviewed at the cellular, organ, and whole-plant level. Plant growth responds to salinity in two phases: a rapid, osmotic phase that inhibits growth of young leaves, and a slower, ionic phase that accelerates senescence of mature leaves. Plant adaptations to salinity are of three distinct types: osmotic stress tolerance, Na + or Cl − exclusion, and the tolerance of tissue to accumulated Na + or Cl − . Our understanding of the role of the HKT gene family in Na + exclusion from leaves is increasing, as is the understanding of the molecular bases for many other transport processes at the cellular level. However, we have a limited molecular understanding of the overall control of Na + accumulation and of osmotic stress tolerance at the whole-plant level. Molecular genetics and functional genomics provide a new opportunity to synthesize molecular and physiological knowledge to improve the salinity tolerance of plants relevant to food production and environmental sustainability.

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Journal Article•DOI•
The Application of Electronic Computers to Factor Analysis

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Henry F. Kaiser
01 Apr 1960-Educational and Psychological Measurement
TL;DR: A survey of available computer programs for factor analytic computations and a analysis of the problems of the application of computers to factor analysis.
Abstract: more stodgy and less exciting application of computers to psychological problems. Let me warn you about how I am going to talk today. I have not conducted a survey of available computer programs for factor analytic computations, nor have I done an analysis of the problems of the application of computers to factor analysis in any way that could be considered scientific. I am saying that I shall ask you to listen to my opinions about the applications of computers to factor

9,914 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Analysis of a complex of statistical variables into principal components.

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Harold Hotelling
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