Inorganic and organic UV filters: Their role and efficacy in sunscreens and suncare products
TL;DR: In this article, the photostabilities of sunscreen organic active agents in neat polar and apolar solvents and in actual commercial formulations have been examined, confirming the recent findings by Sayre et al. that the titanium dioxide particle surface was modified to produce TiO2 specimens of considerably reduced photoactivity.
About: This article is published in Inorganica Chimica Acta.The article was published on 2007-02-15. It has received 579 citations till now.
Citations
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01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: The Third edition of the Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology as mentioned in this paper was published in 1989, with the title "Kirk's Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology: Chemical Technology".
Abstract: 介绍了Kirk—Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology（化工技术百科全书）（第五版）电子图书网络版数据库，并对该数据库使用方法和检索途径作出了说明，且结合实例简单地介绍了该数据库的检索方法。
2,666 citations
TL;DR: This is the first evaluation of ZnO, CuO and TiO2 toxicity to bacteria Vibrio fischeri and crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus with a special emphasis on product formulations (nano or bulk oxides) and solubilization of particles.
1,410 citations
Cites background from "Inorganic and organic UV filters: T..."
...NPs of TiO2 and ZnO are growingly used in cosmetics and sunscreens (Serpone et al., 2007), but also in solar-driven self-cleaning coatings (Cai et al....
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TL;DR: This is one of the first systematic studies on effects of metal oxide nanoparticles on algal growth and the first describing toxic effects of nano CuO towards algae.
1,144 citations
TL;DR: The toxic range of all the three metal-containing NPs to target- and non-target organisms overlaps, indicating that the leaching of biocidal NPs from consumer products should be addressed.
Abstract: Nanoparticles (NPs) of copper oxide (CuO), zinc oxide (ZnO) and especially nanosilver are intentionally used to fight the undesirable growth of bacteria, fungi and algae. Release of these NPs from consumer and household products into waste streams and further into the environment may, however, pose threat to the ‘non-target’ organisms, such as natural microbes and aquatic organisms. This review summarizes the recent research on (eco)toxicity of silver (Ag), CuO and ZnO NPs. Organism-wise it focuses on key test species used for the analysis of ecotoxicological hazard. For comparison, the toxic effects of studied NPs toward mammalian cells in vitro were addressed. Altogether 317 L(E)C50 or minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values were obtained for algae, crustaceans, fish, bacteria, yeast, nematodes, protozoa and mammalian cell lines. As a rule, crustaceans, algae and fish proved most sensitive to the studied NPs. The median L(E)C50 values of Ag NPs, CuO NPs and ZnO NPs (mg/L) were 0.01, 2.1 and 2.3 for crustaceans; 0.36, 2.8 and 0.08 for algae; and 1.36, 100 and 3.0 for fish, respectively. Surprisingly, the NPs were less toxic to bacteria than to aquatic organisms: the median MIC values for bacteria were 7.1, 200 and 500 mg/L for Ag, CuO and ZnO NPs, respectively. In comparison, the respective median L(E)C50 values for mammalian cells were 11.3, 25 and 43 mg/L. Thus, the toxic range of all the three metal-containing NPs to target- and non-target organisms overlaps, indicating that the leaching of biocidal NPs from consumer products should be addressed.
1,029 citations
Cites background from "Inorganic and organic UV filters: T..."
...ZnO NPs are mostly used as a UV light scattering additive in cosmetics such as sunscreens, toothpastes and beauty products (Serpone et al. 2007)....
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TL;DR: This review evaluated the currently existing literature data on toxicity (L(E)C50 values) of synthetic NPs in environmentally relevant species to identify tentatively most harmful NPs and most sensitive organism groups, and to provide relevant ecotoxicological information for further risk assessment.
706 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: Cotton and Wilkinson's Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (AIC) as discussed by the authors is one of the most widely used inorganic chemistry books and has been used for more than a quarter century.
Abstract: For more than a quarter century, Cotton and Wilkinson's Advanced Inorganic Chemistry has been the source that students and professional chemists have turned to for the background needed to understand current research literature in inorganic chemistry and aspects of organometallic chemistry. Like its predecessors, this updated Sixth Edition is organized around the periodic table of elements and provides a systematic treatment of the chemistry of all chemical elements and their compounds. It incorporates important recent developments with an emphasis on advances in the interpretation of structure, bonding, and reactivity.From the reviews of the Fifth Edition:* "The first place to go when seeking general information about the chemistry of a particular element, especially when up-to-date, authoritative information is desired." -Journal of the American Chemical Society.* "Every student with a serious interest in inorganic chemistry should have [this book]." -Journal of Chemical Education.* "A mine of information . . . an invaluable guide." -Nature.* "The standard by which all other inorganic chemistry books are judged."-Nouveau Journal de Chimie.* "A masterly overview of the chemistry of the elements."-The Times of London Higher Education Supplement.* "A bonanza of information on important results and developments which could otherwise easily be overlooked in the general deluge of publications." -Angewandte Chemie.
12,231 citations
"Inorganic and organic UV filters: T..." refers background in this paper
...The principal difference between rutile and anatase is the divergence in photoactivity with anatase being the more photoactive form of titanium dioxide; however, rutile is the more common form of titania even though anatase is the more stable form by about 8–12 kJ mol 1 [7]....
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TL;DR: This timely monograph is a distillation of knowledge of hepatitis B, C and D, based on a review of 1000 studies by a small group of scientists, and it is concluded that hepatitis D virus cannot be classified as a human carcinogen.
Abstract: Viral hepatitis in all its forms is a major public health problem throughout the world, affecting several hundreds of millions of people. Viral hepatitis is a cause of considerable morbidity and mortality both from acute infection and chronic sequelae which include, in the case of hepatitis B, C and D, chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis. Hepatocellular carcinoma, which is one of the 10 commonest cancers worldwide, is closely associated with hepatitis B and, at least in some regions of the world, with hepatitis C virus. This timely monograph is a distillation of knowledge of hepatitis B, C and D, based on a review of 1000 studies by a small group of scientists. (It is interesting to note in passing that some 5000 papers on viral hepatitis are published annually in the world literature.) The epidemiological, clinical and experimental data on the association between infection with hepatitis B virus and primary liver cancer in humans are reviewed in a readable and succinct format. The available information on hepatitis C and progression to chronic infection is also evaluated and it is concluded (perhaps a little prematurely) that hepatitis C virus is carcinogenic. However, it is concluded that hepatitis D virus, an unusual virus with a number of similarities to certain plant viral satellites and viroids, cannot be classified as a human carcinogen. There are some minor criticisms: there are few illustrations and some complex tabulations (for example, Table 6) and no subject index. A cumulative cross index to IARC Monographs is of little value and occupies nearly 30 pages. This small volume is a useful addition to the overwhelming literature on viral hepatitis, and the presentation is similar to the excellent World Health Organisation Technical Reports series on the subject published in the past. It is strongly recommended as a readable up-to-date summary of a complex subject; and at a cost of 65 Sw.fr (approximately £34) is excellent value. A J ZUCKERMAN
11,533 citations
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: The Third edition of the Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology as mentioned in this paper was published in 1989, with the title "Kirk's Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology: Chemical Technology".
Abstract: 介绍了Kirk—Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology（化工技术百科全书）（第五版）电子图书网络版数据库，并对该数据库使用方法和检索途径作出了说明，且结合实例简单地介绍了该数据库的检索方法。
2,666 citations
"Inorganic and organic UV filters: T..." refers background in this paper
...the surface hydroxyl groups (and chemisorbed water) to generate hydroxyl radicals ( OH) that initiate the oxidations [14]....
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TL;DR: The 1994 nonmelanoma skin cancer incidence in the United States is updated to reflect the growth and changing age distribution of the population and the increases in age-adjusted incidence rates documented in two population-based studies.
Abstract: Because death from nonmelanoma skin cancer is uncommon, quantification of its morbidity is particularly important. Although its incidence is increasing rapidly, the most recent nationwide estimates are 16 years old. The purpose of this study was to estimate the 1994 nonmelanoma skin cancer incidence in the United States. We updated the 16-year-old incidence estimates to reflect the growth and changing age distribution of the population and the increases in age-adjusted incidence rates documented in two population-based studies. The projected 1994 incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer in the United States is 900,000 to 1,200,000 cases, similar in magnitude to the overall incidence of noncutaneous cancers. Nonmelanoma skin cancer imposes an enormous public health burden on the U.S. population. Quantification of its morbidity and its prevention are important priorities.
1,069 citations
TL;DR: Cutaneous squamous- cell carcinoma, but not basal-cell carcinoma seems to be amenable to prevention through the routine use of sunscreen by adults for 4.5 years, and there was no beneficial or harmful effect on the rates of either type of skin cancer, as a result of betacarotene supplementation.
872 citations