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Journal Article

Insect galls from Atlantic Forest areas of Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil: characterization and occurrence.

TL;DR: O presente estudo indica Santa Teresa (ES) como a area de Mata Atlântica com maior riqueza de galhas de insetos, estando representados by Cecidomyiidae and Muscomorpha.
Abstract: Galhas de insetos de areas de Mata Atlântica de Santa Teresa, Espirito Santo, Brasil: caracterizacao e ocorrencia. Tres areas protegidas de Mata atlântica foram investigadas em Santa Teresa, Espirito Santo, de junho de 2007 a agosto de 2009: Estacao Biologica de Santa Lucia, Reserva Biologica Augusto Ruschi e Parque Natural Municipal Sao Lourenco. A vegetacao local foi examinada a procura de galhas de insetos. Foram encontrados 265 morfotipos de galhas em 141 especies de plantas (104 generos e 49 familias). Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae e Rubiaceae foram as familias de planta com maior riqueza de galhas. Os generos super-hospedeiros foram Mikania Willd. (Asteraceae), Myrcia DC. ex. Guill. (Myrtaceae) e Inga Mill. (Fabaceae). A especie super-hospedeira foi Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz. (Nyctaginaceae). As galhas foram encontradas em folhas, caules, botoes, raizes e gavinhas. As folhas foram o orgao vegetal mais galhado, seguidas pelos caules e botoes. Os indutores pertencem a quatro ordens de insetos: Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera e Thysanoptera, sendo Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) os mais frequentes e diversificados galhadores. Inquilinos foram obtidos de seis morfotipos de galhas, estando representados por Cecidomyiidae and Muscomorpha. Nove species galhadoras sao registradas pela primeira vez no Estado do Espirito Santo, e Cordiamyia globosa Maia, 1996 e assinalada pela primeira vez para o municipio de Santa Teresa. O presente estudo indica Santa Teresa (ES) como a area de Mata Atlântica com maior riqueza de galhas de insetos.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: All the records are new to the municipality, and the distribution of 15 galling species is extended to the North of the state of Rio de Janeiro.
Abstract: Insect galls of a protected remnant of the Atlantic Forest tableland from Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil): Galling insects in Rio de Janeiro state are known by their great diversity, despite most of the surveys have been done in restinga. This paper investigated the insect galls from a remnant of Atlantic Forest located in Sao Francisco de Itabapoana municipality, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The galling insect fauna was surveyed from March, 2013 to April, 2014 at the Estacao Ecologica Estadual de Guaxindiba. 143 gall morphotypes were found in 31 plant families, 60 genera and 82 species. Fabaceae, Myrtaceae and Sapindaceae were the main host families, being Trichilia, Tontelea and Eugenia the main host genera. Most galls occured on leaves, with globose shape, green and glabrous. Diptera (Cecidomyiidae), Hemiptera, and Lepidoptera were the inducing orders and the associated fauna comprised parasitoids (Hymenoptera), inquilines (Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hemiptera: Coccoidea), successors (Psocoptera, Collembola and Acari), and predators (Pseudoscorpiones). Three plant genera and nine plant species are recorded for the first time as host of galls in Brazil. All the records are new to the municipality, and the distribution of 15 galling species is extended to the North of the state of Rio de Janeiro.

25 citations


Cites background or result from "Insect galls from Atlantic Forest a..."

  • ...The most common gall shapes were globose (n = 39) and fusiform (n = 36), as in other Brazilian inventories (Maia et al., 2014)....

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  • ...In several Brazilian inventories, Fabaceae and Myrtaceae have been indicated as the richest plant families in number of gall morphotypes (Santos et al., 2011b; Costa et al., 2014; Maia et al., 2014)....

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  • ...The first has been recorded in Acre, Pará (North Region), Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão (Northeast Region), Distrito Federal, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso (Midwest Region), Espírito-Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo (Southeast Region), Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina (South Region); the second in Pará (North Region), Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte (Northeast Region), Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (Southeast Region); the third in Alagoas, Bahia, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte and Sergipe (Northeast Region), Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro (Southeast Region)....

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  • ...This result represents a global pattern pointed by Felt (1940) and confirmed in several inventories (Maia et al., 2014)....

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  • ...Each morphotype was characterized based on shape, plant organ, color, presence or absence of trichomes, number of internal chambers, and inducing insect, as in other Brazilian inventories (Maia, 2013b, 2014; Maia et al., 2014)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (PNI) (Brazilian Southeast Region) was surveyed monthly for insect galls from February/2014 to December/ 2015, placing the PNI as the richest Atlantic forest area in number of gall morphotypes.
Abstract: The Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (PNI) (Brazilian Southeast Region) was surveyed monthly for insect galls from February/2014 to December/ 2015 A total of 432 gall morphotypes were found This number places the PNI as the richest Atlantic forest area in number of gall morphotypes The galls were found on 47 plant families Among them, Asteraceae were pointed out as the superhost The gall richness in the lower part of the PNI is higher than that of the plateau The insect galls were found in 154 native, 56 endemic and only one exotic plant species Concerning the conservational status, the host plants include two vulnerable species with three morphotypes together Several new botanical records were reported Leaves were the most galled plant organ, followed by stems Globoid, green, glabrous and one–chambered galls were the most frequent Cecidomyiidae were the most common gallers Parasitoids, successors and inquilines composed the associated fauna

23 citations


Cites background from "Insect galls from Atlantic Forest a..."

  • ...Previous gall records on undetermined species of this genus: 1) in Atlantic forest – Maia 2014 (n=1/Itamonte/MG), Maia et al. 2014 (n=1/Santa Teresa/ES), 2) no biome data – Mendonça et al. 2014 (n=2/RS)....

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  • ...Previous records of the same gall morphotype: 1) in Atlantic forest – on Davilla sp.: Maia et al. 2014 (Santa Teresa/ES), 2) in Cerrado – on Davilla braziliana DC: Maia and Fernandes 2004 (Serra de São José/MG)....

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  • ...…forest – Fernandes and Negreiros 2006 (n=1/Aimorés//MG), Toma and Mendonça 2013 (n=1/ São Francisco de Paula/ RS), Maia 2013b (n=2/São Tomé das Letras/MG), Maia 2014 (n=1/Itamonte/MG), Maia et al. 2014 (n=2/Santa Teresa/ES), Rodrigues et al. 2014 (n=2/ An Acad Bras Cienc (2017) 89 (1 Suppl.)...

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  • ...…species of Mikania: 1) in Atlantic forest – Maia and Oliveira 2010 (n=4/Angra dos Reis/RJ), Santos et al. 2011b (n=2/six municipalities/PE) Maia et al. 2014 (n=15/Santa Teresa/ES), Maia 2014 (n=4/ Itamonte/MG), 2) in Cerrado – Malves and FrieiroCosta 2012 (n=1/Ingaí/MG), 3) no biome…...

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  • ...SP), Maia et al. 2014 (n=2/Santa Teresa/ES), 2) in Cerrado – Araújo et al. 2011 (n=1/Pirineus/GO)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: According to the results, sampling by cecidologists in less studied regions of Brazil is needed, particularly in the North and South regions and subsampled biomes such as the Amazon, Pampas and Pantanal.
Abstract: We compiled published Brazilian gall-inducing insect inventories aiming to understand trends and biases in this field research and to investigate the factors that potentially explain the diversity of gall-inducing insects among different sampling sites. A total of 51 studies with gall-inducing insect inventories were compiled for Brazil, which sampled 151 sites in 88 municipalities, 13 states and five regions. The number of papers published on gall-inducing insects per year has increased over the last 30 years, being Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) the main galling taxon, Fabaceae the main host-plant family and Protium heptaphyllum (Burseraceae) the most important super-host species in these inventories. We found a great bias in the geographical distribution of Brazilian inventories, with the majority of studies in the Southeast region, and Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes. The total richness of gall-inducing insects differed significantly among regions and biomes, with higher gall richnesses being recorded in the North region and Amazon biome. However, Brazilian regions and biomes did not vary in richness of gall-inducing insect morphotypes per plant species. According our results, sampling by cecidologists in less studied regions of Brazil is needed, particularly in the North and South regions and subsampled biomes such as the Amazon, Pampas and Pantanal.

19 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The aim of current study was to evaluate how different species of Cecidomyiidae can manipulate the same host plant tissues, demonstrating the potentialities of M. glomerata under distinct external signaling.
Abstract: Arthropod gall super-hosts have distinct developmental responses to each gall inducer species. The taxa and feeding habits of the gall inducers determine each gall’s histological patterns, but the host plant imposes histological constraints on gall differentiation. Mikania glomerata Spreng. (Asteraceae) is a gall super-host, presenting at least six distinct gall morphotypes. The aim of current study was to evaluate how different species of Cecidomyiidae can manipulate the same host plant tissues, demonstrating the potentialities of M. glomerata under distinct external signaling. We compared M. glomerata anatomy and histochemistry in fusiform galls induced by Liodiplosis cylindrica (Gagne 2001) on petioles, globoid galls induced by L. spherica (Gagne 2001) on leaf laminae, and conic galls of Clinodiplosis sp. on leaf laminae as well as in non-galled leaves and petioles. Even though each gall presents several distinct features, they share anatomical and histochemical patterns, determined by the host plant potentialities. We found that the ground and dermal system tissues were manipulated differently by each inducer, generating distinct gall morphotypes. Alterations on epidermal cell shapes and suppression of the capitate glandular trichomes occured in all studied galls. We report for the first time the occurrence of nutritive cells containing starch in globoid galls. The anatomical diversity of the galls on M. glomerata seems to be more related to distinct differentiation pathways of the host plant than to the taxonomic relationships between the gall-inducing species.

19 citations


Cites background from "Insect galls from Atlantic Forest a..."

  • ...Petiole fusiform galls—Induced by Clinodiplosis sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on petioles of M. glomerata, they are light green on both sides (Fig....

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  • ...(Asteraceae), the ‘guaco’, is a super-host of gallinducing insects presenting at least six gall morphotypes induced by phylogenetically related species of Diptera: Cecidomyiidae (Maia et al. 2008, 2014; Maia and Oliveira 2010; Maia 2013)....

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  • ...In fact, inducer species may be distinguished by their typical gall morphotypes (Isaias et al. 2013), especially in those host plants where two or more species can generate galls (Oliveira et al. 2008; Maia et al. 2008, 2014)....

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  • ...Leaf lamina globoid galls—Induced by Liodiplosis spherica (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on the leaf blades of M. glomerata, either on the veins or on the leaf mesophyll, these galls have a dark green adaxial surface (Fig....

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  • ...Leaf lamina conic galls—Induced by Liodiplosis cylindrica (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on M. glomerata midribs (Fig....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
24 Feb 2000-Nature
TL;DR: A ‘silver bullet’ strategy on the part of conservation planners, focusing on ‘biodiversity hotspots’ where exceptional concentrations of endemic species are undergoing exceptional loss of habitat, is proposed.
Abstract: Conservationists are far from able to assist all species under threat, if only for lack of funding. This places a premium on priorities: how can we support the most species at the least cost? One way is to identify 'biodiversity hotspots' where exceptional concentrations of endemic species are undergoing exceptional loss of habitat. As many as 44% of all species of vascular plants and 35% of all species in four vertebrate groups are confined to 25 hotspots comprising only 1.4% of the land surface of the Earth. This opens the way for a 'silver bullet' strategy on the part of conservation planners, focusing on these hotspots in proportion to their share of the world's species at risk.

24,867 citations


"Insect galls from Atlantic Forest a..." refers background in this paper

  • ...It has been considered a world biosphere reserve and a high priority area for biological conservation (Myers et al., 2000)....

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01 Jan 2004

593 citations


"Insect galls from Atlantic Forest a..." refers background in this paper

  • ...They are one of the most speciose families of Diptera, as well as the most important inducers in all zoogeographic regions (Gagné, 2010)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The evolution of the galling habit has followed two pathways, one via mining plant tissues and the other from sedentary external herbivores that then modify plant growth.
Abstract: Major hypotheses on the adaptive significance of insect gall formation are reviewed: nonadaptive, plant protection, mutual benefit, nutrition, microenvironment, and enemy hypotheses. We evaluate the validity of each, and find the first three to be without merit because galls clearly have adaptive features for the insect, but few if any for the plant, and the galler has negative impact on the plant, making the relationship parasitic. Predictions are developed to enable testing of hypotheses, and tests are discussed. Nutrition and microenvironment hypotheses are supported, while the enemy hypothesis remains with several uncertain issues to be resolved. The evolution of the galling habit has followed two pathways, one via mining plant tissues and the other from sedentary external herbivores that then modify plant growth. In each route the sequence of selective factors was probably different, but improved protection from hygrothermal stress and improved nutrition are of primary importance, and protection from enemies probably reinforced the galling habit.

514 citations


"Insect galls from Atlantic Forest a..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Galling insects are among the most specialized herbivores due to their ability to modify plant metabolism to produce a tumor-like growth that provides their larva with nutrition and shelter from adverse environmental conditions and natural enemies (Price et al., 1987)....

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Book
01 May 1994

350 citations


"Insect galls from Atlantic Forest a..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...The Cecidomyiidae genera were identified based on the keys by Gagné (1994)....

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  • ...Locality: PNMSL. Previous records on Byrsonima: Tavares, 1921 (one leaf gall on B. verbascifolia (L.) DC. from Caeteté and Camassary, BA); Gagné, 1994 (one flower gall on B. crassa Nied. from Minas Gerais); Fernandes et al., 1997 (three leaf galls on B. crassa, five on B. coriacea (Sw.) DC., two on…...

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  • ...Previous records on Clusia: Rübsaamen, 1905 (one bud gall on Clusia sp. from Amazonas); Maia, 2001 (one leaf gall on C. fluminensis Tr. & PI. from Maricá, RJ; one leaf gall on C. hilariana Schltdl. from Carapebus, RJ; and one leaf gall on C. lanceolata Camb. from Maricá, RJ); Maia, 2006 (one leaf gall on C. lanceolata from Maricá, RJ); Maia et al., 2008 (one leaf gall on Clusia criuva Cambess. subsp. parviflora Vesque from Bertioga, SP); Oliveira & Maia, 2005 (one leaf gall on C. fluminensis from Grumari, Rio de Janeiro, RJ); Maia, 2006 (one leaf gall on C. lanceolata from Maricá, RJ); Bregonci et al., 2010 (two leaf galls on C. hilariana from Guarapari, ES); and Almada & Fernandes, 2011 (one leaf gall on Clusia insignis Mart. from Porto de Trombetas, PA)....

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  • ...Previous records on Heteropteris: Rübsaamen 1907 (leaf gall on H. salicifolia Knuth from Fábrica, RJ); Gagné, 1994 (one flower gall on Heteropteris sp. from Maricá, RJ); Fernandes et al., 1997 (two galls on H. byrsonimifolia A. Juss. from Vale do Jequitinhonha, MG); Maia 2001 (one flower gall on H.…...

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  • ...…Andira sp. from Salvador, Bahia); Fernandes et al., 1988 (one stem and one petiole gall on A. parvifolia Mart. ex Benth. from Belo Horizonte, MG); Gagné, 1994 (one leaf gall on A. parvifolia Mart. ex Benth. from Minas Gerais); Fernandes et al., 2001 (one leaf gall on Andira sp. from Vale do Rio…...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There was a tendency towards lower mortality and consequently higher survival for populations inhabiting xeric habitats and reduced mortality caused by natural enemies and endophytic fungi has contributed to the speciation and radiation of galling insects in apparently harsh environments.
Abstract: We studied the relationship between habitat moisture and gall-forming insect populations. Population sizes for most galling taxa were significantly larger in xeric habitats compared with mesic habitats. Our results indicate that the differential abundance of galling insects in these habitats is due primarily to differential mortality and survivorship. Mortality factors acting upon eight insect galling species (belonging to eight genera and four families) were measured on six species (five genera and five families) of host plants. Survival was significantly higher for galling populations inhabiting xeric habitats compared with mesic habitats. Parasitism was higher in mesic habitats in seven of eight habitats and fungus-induced diseases were higher in five of seven habitats. Mortality due to predation and other (unknown) factors showed no clear trends. Overall, there was a tendency towards lower mortality and consequently higher survival for populations inhabiting xeric habitats. We hypothesize that reduced mortality caused by natural enemies and endophytic fungi has contributed to the speciation and radiation of galling insects in apparently harsh environments.

278 citations


"Insect galls from Atlantic Forest a..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Ga1l morphology is also specific to each inducer making them excellent model systems for estimation of the patterns of abundance and richness (Fernandes & Price, 1988; Fernandes et al., 1994)....

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