Insecticidal defenses of Piperaceae from the neotropics.
01 Jun 1995-Journal of Chemical Ecology (Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers)-Vol. 21, Iss: 6, pp 801-814
TL;DR: The results support other studies on Asian and African Piper species, which suggest that lignans and isobutyl amides are the active defence compounds in this family.
Abstract: Insecticidal and growth-reducing properties of extracts of 14 species of American neotropical Piperaceae were investigated by inclusion in diets of a polyphagous lepidopteran, the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis. Nutritional indices suggested most extracts acted by postdigestive toxicity.Piper aduncum, P. tuberculatum, andP. decurrens were among the most active species and were subjected to bioassay-guided isolation of the active components. Dillapiol was isolated from the active fraction ofP. aduncum, piperlonguminine was isolated fromP. tuberculatum, and a novel neolignan fromP. decurrens. The results support other studies on Asian and AfricanPiper species, which suggest that lignans and isobutyl amides are the active defence compounds in this family.
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TL;DR: In recent years, the use of essential oils (EOs) derived from aromatic plants as low-risk insecticides has increased considerably owing to their popularity with organic growers and environmentally conscious consumers.
Abstract: In recent years, the use of essential oils (EOs) derived from aromatic plants as low-risk insecticides has increased considerably owing to their popularity with organic growers and environmentally conscious consumers. EOs are easily produced by steam distillation of plant material and contain many volatile, low-molecular-weight terpenes and phenolics. The major plant families from which EOs are extracted include Myrtaceae, Lauraceae, Lamiaceae, and Asteraceae. EOs have repellent, insecticidal, and growth-reducing effects on a variety of insects. They have been used effectively to control preharvest and postharvest phytophagous insects and as insect repellents for biting flies and for home and garden insects. The compounds exert their activities on insects through neurotoxic effects involving several mechanisms, notably through GABA, octopamine synapses, and the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. With a few exceptions, their mammalian toxicity is low and environmental persistence is short. Registration has been the main bottleneck in putting new products on the market, but more EOs have been approved for use in the United States than elsewhere owing to reduced-risk processes for these materials.
859 citations
Cites background from "Insecticidal defenses of Piperaceae..."
...with efficacy in the 1 mg liter−1 range against Aedes atropalpus (12)....
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TL;DR: The secondary metabolites isolated from Piper species for the period 1907 to June 1996 have been reviewed in this paper, where nearly six hundred chemical constituents belonging to different classes of bioactive compounds are listed together with their source(s) and references.
849 citations
TL;DR: Serial dilutions of 21 commercial ethanolic herbal extracts and tinctures, and 13 related pure plant compounds have been analyzed for their in vitro cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitory capability via a fluorometric microtitre plate assay, using linear regression to generate median inhibitory concentration (IC50) curves.
340 citations
TL;DR: The isolation and characterization of several representatives including two hitherto unreported amides were performed by chromatographic techniques and by analysis of spectroscopic data.
224 citations
TL;DR: Nineteen essential oils, obtained by hydrodistillation from aromatic and medicinal plants of Moroccan origin, were tested for their insecticidal effects on Hessian fly adults and eggs; the species Mentha pulegium, Origanum compactum, and Origansum majorana were the most toxic to adults.
180 citations
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TL;DR: A simple and definite procedure is proposed for dividing treatments into distinguishable groups, and for determining that the treatments within some of these groups are different, although there is not enough evidence to say "which is which."
Abstract: The practitioner of the analysis of variance often wants to draw as many conclusions as are reasonable about the relation of the true means for individual "treatments," and a statement by the F-test (or the z-test) that they are not all alike leaves him thoroughly unsatisfied. The problem of breaking up the treatment means into distinguishable groups has not been discussed at much length, the solutions given in the various textbooks differ and, what is more important, seem solely based on intuition. After discussing the problem on a basis combining intuition with some hard, cold facts about the distributions of certain test quantities (or "statistics") a simple and definite procedure is proposed for dividing treatments into distinguishable groups, and for determining that the treatments within some of these groups are different, although there is not enough evidence to say "which is which." The procedure is illustrated on examples.
2,923 citations
"Insecticidal defenses of Piperaceae..." refers methods in this paper
...All statistical analysis were performed using Tukey's general linear models procedure (Tukey, 1949) with SAS for PC....
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TL;DR: This review summarizes what is presently known about the biological activities of lignans and specifically inhibit certain enzymes in angiosperms and gymnosperms.
520 citations
TL;DR: The authors' present society can afford to discuss long-term health implications of agents used to control insect pests, and many new and difficult questions have emerged about health and environmental health, giving rise to a distinct area of study called risk assessment.
Abstract: For centuries humans have used natural insecticides to combat insect pests that compete for our food and fiber or that affect public health. Some of these compounds were plant extracts or plant parts, others were mined from the earth. In the twentieth century synthetic insecticides have replaced natural ones as the standard means of controlling detrimental insects, ticks, and mites. Although early natural insecticides such as arsenicals and nicotine carried with them acknowledged risks, a populace that often faced hunger and vector-borne diseases was willing to tolerate a degree of risk to realize the benefits of the chemicals being used. Synthetic insecticides brought a new order of insect control, but also a new collage of risks. As people became more comfortable in the developed areas of the world, threats of starvation, arthropod-vectored diseases, or loss of clothing and shelter often became minor concerns. The quality of our food supply and the economics of production now govern the majority of pest and pesticide approaches, products, and methodologies. At the same time, new questions have arisen regarding environmental quality, especially contamination of water, air, and soil by a host of chemicals, some of which are pesticides ' or their degradation products. Our present society can afford to discuss long-term health implications of agents used to control insect pests. Many new and difficult questions have emerged about health and environmental nsks, giving rise to a distinct area of study called risk assessment. One of the most challenging questions
190 citations
"Insecticidal defenses of Piperaceae..." refers background in this paper
...However, the toxicity of these substances, with a few exceptions such as safrol, which has long been used as a natural insecticide (Coats, 1994), has not been established....
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TL;DR: The fact that there was no increase in the deterrency of xanthotoxin in the presence of myristicin suggests that the mechanism of synergism is not behaviorial but rather is biochemical, via MDP competitive inhibition of microsomal mixed function oxidases.
Abstract: Myristicin, a methylenedioxyphenyl (MDP)-containing phenylpropene constituent of the leaves of many plants in the family Umbelliferae, is a highly effective Synergist of the cooccurring furanocoumarin xanthotoxin. As little as 0.10 % in an artificial diet can increase the toxicity of xanthotoxin toHeliothis zea (Lepidotera: Noctuidae) fivefold. In addition to increasing the proportion of caterpillars dying at a given xanthotoxin concentration, myristicin also increases the rate at which they die and increases the time to molt of surviving larvae. That there was no increase in the deterrency of xanthotoxin in the presence of myristicin suggests that the mechanism of synergism is not behaviorial but rather is biochemical, via MDP competitive inhibition of microsomal mixed function oxidases.
170 citations