Journal Article•
Insectivorous bird communities of diverse agro-ecosystems in the Bengaluru region, India
01 Oct 2014-Journal of entomology and zoology studies (AkiNik Publications)-Vol. 2, Iss: 5, pp 142-155
TL;DR: The variation in abundance of different species of insectivorous birds was found to be dependent on the availability of variety of crops, number of nesting sites and density of perching trees in the vicinity of agro-ecosystems.
Abstract: A majority of bird species are insectivorous that check the buildup of insect pest species in agro-ecosystems. A study on insectivorous bird communities was conducted at selected ten major agro-ecosystems in the Bengaluru region. Thirty eight species of insectivorous birds belonging to 17 families under 26 genera were recorded. The number of insectivorous bird species was highest in Chandapura, Hesaraghatta and Thippagondanahalli and lowest at Sarjapura regions. The percentage of population density of insectivorous birds was highest in Hesaraghatta (14.23) and lowest at Somanahalli (6.99). The relative percent abundance of Apus affinis was highest (8.36) and it was recorded lowest (0.01) for Parus nuchalis. Muscicapidae was the most abundant family. Maximum insectivorous bird species belonged to Motacillidae and Muscicapidae (six each). The variation in abundance of different species of insectivorous birds was found to be dependent on the availability of variety of crops, number of nesting sites and density of perching trees in the vicinity of agro-ecosystems. The current study will be helpful for preparing and implementing the explicit conservation plans for insectivorous avifauna in different agro-ecosystems.
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01 Jun 2004
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: This study indicates that land- use change and modification may alter bird diversity structure, and the maintenance of the vegetation in land-use types as food and resource, and as habitat is essential to the conservation of the native and ecologically-important bird species in south-central Mindanao.
Abstract: Birds are crucial to maintaining the balance of many ecosystems by providing various ecological services. The diversity of birds and their feeding guilds in different land-use types were investigated in south-central Mindanao to elucidate the effect of disturbance and habitat modification on bird communities. Point count method was employed to identify birds in three habitat types: i) agroforests; ii) ricefields; iii) roads and heavily disturbed areas. A total of 1114 bird sightings were recorded that included 33 species of 24 families; of these, 3 were Philippine endemics, and 5 were migrant species. Among all of the habitat types, the highest species diversity was found in agroforests (1/D = 16.148), and the lowest was recorded from roads and heavily disturbed habitats. The species composition of agroforests was more similar to ricefields than to areas with high levels of disturbance, such as roads. The characteristic of the vegetation and the availability of food resources may be vital to the diversity of birds in every habitat as evidenced by the high species richness of frugivores and insectivores in agroforests and ricefields, respectively, where food source is largely available. The observation of Streptopelia tranquebarica was a new record for Mindanao, and it was particularly sighted in ricefields. Therefore, this study indicates that land-use change and modification may alter bird diversity structure, and the maintenance of the vegetation in land-use types as food and resource, and as habitat is essential to the conservation of the native and ecologically-important bird species in south-central Mindanao.
26 citations
01 Dec 2019
TL;DR: In this article, the status of avian diversity in relation to different crops, order-wise versus crop-wise species distribution and their clusters among the over- lapping species.
Abstract: The study was carried out from December 2010 to March 2014 to obtain the list of bird species, their density, diversity, species richness and evenness associated with five different crops viz., Paddy, Cotton, Castor, Red gram and Fruit garden in agricultural habitat of Nalgonda district. The current study highlights the status of avian diversity in relation to different crops, order wise versus crop wise species distribution and their clusters among the over- lapping species. A unique attempt of assembling birds, between crops and among the species shows significant variation in the relative density and diet selection of each bird species. Among which seven threatened bird species (IUCN Red list) were documented.
5 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, rapid assessments of birds were conducted in three paddy fields located on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia: Pahang (Pekan), Terengganu (Besut) and Kelantan (Melor).
Abstract: The paddy field ecosystem is an important habitat for water birds, as well as some migratory species due to the abundance of food resources. We want to determine which factors influence bird species abundance, diversity, and composition in different paddy field sites with different rice growing stages. Rapid assessments of birds were conducted in three paddy fields located on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia: Pahang (Pekan), Terengganu (Besut) and Kelantan (Melor). The survey method involved point count sampling. From the survey, Pekan recorded 1,141 individuals from 17 species, Melor with 992 individuals from 11 species, and Besut, with 348 individuals from eight species. The Ardeidae family was the most dominant, at 71%, at all study areas, followed by the Rallidae (21.43%), Columbidae (14.29%) and Halcyonidae (14.29%). The species richness and assemblages were found to correlate with the rice-growing cycle, where the post-harvest (land preparation) and seedling (vegetative) stages were associated with the highest species incidence, as demonstrated in Pekan and Melor, due to these sites being inundated or flooded. Species abundance was statistically significant for different feeding guild groups based on Welch’s F (4, 4.095) = 68.027, p<0.05. Carnivorous birds were most common during the post-harvest and seedling stage, in contrast to insectivorous/granivorous birds, which were most common during the flowering stage. This study could aid in pest management in relation to bird communities in the paddy field ecosystem through the application of biological control practices instead of chemicals, without compromising rice yield.
4 citations
TL;DR: Hakim et al. as discussed by the authors conducted a survey from February to March 2018 to study bird structure community in rural agricultural landscape in Upper Citarum Watershed in Sukapura and Resmi Tingal Village, consisting of 36 point counts (PCs), each PC's surveyed six times for 15 minutes along total 6 km of transects.
Abstract: . Hakim L, Abdoellah OS, Parikesit, Withaningsih S. 2020. Impact of agricultural crop type and hunting on bird communities of two villages in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 57-66. Land use change has occurred in the Upper Citarum Watershed over time, converting tropical rain-forest to man-made cash-crop gardens dominate the agricultural landscape, leaving mixed-garden (talun), rice fields and smallholder plantation. This changes species composition, community structure and animal diversity, especially bird species. The objective of this paper was to study bird structure community in rural agricultural landscape in Upper Citarum Watershed. We conducted the survey from February to March 2018. We surveyed birds at 36 point counts (PCs), each PC's surveyed six times for 15 minutes along total 6 km of transects in the agricultural landscape in Sukapura and Resmi Tingal Village, consisting of 12 PCs in mixed-garden, 12 PCs in homegarden and 12 PCs in cash-crop garden. Twenty-nine bird species, 17 families and 1.103 individuals were recorded; 2 species being protected by Indonesian law in all sites, three Javan Island endemics and one species migrant bird species. The insectivorous birds are dominant with 15 species in all land-use types. Passer montanus and Javan munia were the most common birds in all land-use types with 820 of 1.103 individual birds (74,9%) were of two bird species. Mixed-garden had higher bird diversity, species richness, and evenness index than the homegarden and cash-crops garden because of the complexity of vegetation structure and canopy cover stratification. There was a significant decrease in some bird species which in the previous study was dominant to be reduced even to local extinctions such as Oriental White-eye (Zosterops palpebrosus), Crescent-chested Babbler (Stachyris melanothorax) and Western Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava). Decreased bamboo-tree garden as Crescent-chested Babbler habitat is suspected to be the cause of declination of this bird population. In addition, unregulated bird hunting is also one of the causes of the declining bird populations, especially birds with market value. Some species such as Oriental White-eye (Zosterops palpebrosus), Sooty-headed Bulbul (Pycnonotus aurigaster), Great Tit (Parus major), Bar-winged prinia (Prinia familiaris), Javan myna (Acridotheres javanicus) and Spotted dove (Streptopelia chinensis) have rapidly decreased population because of bird hunting activities.
3 citations
References
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: PAST (PAleontological STatistics) as discussed by the authors is a simple-to-use software package for executing a range of standard numerical analysis and operations used in quantitative paleontology.
Abstract: A comprehensive, but simple-to-use software package for executing a range of standard numerical analysis and operations used in quantitative paleontology has been developed. The program, called PAST (PAleontological STatistics), runs on standard Windows computers and is available free of charge. PAST integrates spreadsheet-type data entry with univariate and multivariate statistics, curve fitting, timeseries analysis, data plotting, and simple phylogenetic analysis. Many of the functions are specific to paleontology and ecology, and these functions are not found in standard, more extensive, statistical packages. PAST also includes fourteen case studies (data files and exercises) illustrating use of the program for paleontological problems, making it a complete educational package for courses in quantitative methods.
19,926 citations
Additional excerpts
...[41]) and statistical tests as Magurran [42]....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: The Mathematical Theory of Communication (MTOC) as discussed by the authors was originally published as a paper on communication theory more than fifty years ago and has since gone through four hardcover and sixteen paperback printings.
Abstract: Scientific knowledge grows at a phenomenal pace--but few books have had as lasting an impact or played as important a role in our modern world as The Mathematical Theory of Communication, published originally as a paper on communication theory more than fifty years ago. Republished in book form shortly thereafter, it has since gone through four hardcover and sixteen paperback printings. It is a revolutionary work, astounding in its foresight and contemporaneity. The University of Illinois Press is pleased and honored to issue this commemorative reprinting of a classic.
15,525 citations
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01 Jan 2004TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the pressure humanity is placing on the natural world, and on the continued ability of ecosystems to deliver the services on which we all depend, and develop strategies to ameliorate its impact.
Abstract: Summary As prehistoric cave paintings illustrate, our species has had an enduring appreciation of the variety and abundance of life on Earth. Today, however, concern is focused on the pressure humanity is placing on the natural world, and on the continued ability of ecosystems to deliver the services on which we all depend. To understand the extent of this ‘biodiversity crisis’ and develop strategies to ameliorate its impact, it is essential to be able to accurately measure biological diversity (a term often contracted to biodiversity) and make informed predictions about how and why this diversity varies over space and time.
7,082 citations
TL;DR: A series of common pitfalls in quantifying and comparing taxon richness are surveyed, including category‐subcategory ratios (species-to-genus and species-toindividual ratios) and rarefaction methods, which allow for meaningful standardization and comparison of datasets.
Abstract: Species richness is a fundamental measurement of community and regional diversity, and it underlies many ecological models and conservation strategies. In spite of its importance, ecologists have not always appreciated the effects of abundance and sampling effort on richness measures and comparisons. We survey a series of common pitfalls in quantifying and comparing taxon richness. These pitfalls can be largely avoided by using accumulation and rarefaction curves, which may be based on either individuals or samples. These taxon sampling curves contain the basic information for valid richness comparisons, including category‐subcategory ratios (species-to-genus and species-toindividual ratios). Rarefaction methods ‐ both sample-based and individual-based ‐ allow for meaningful standardization and comparison of datasets. Standardizing data sets by area or sampling effort may produce very different results compared to standardizing by number of individuals collected, and it is not always clear which measure of diversity is more appropriate. Asymptotic richness estimators provide lower-bound estimates for taxon-rich groups such as tropical arthropods, in which observed richness rarely reaches an asymptote, despite intensive sampling. Recent examples of diversity studies of tropical trees, stream invertebrates, and herbaceous plants emphasize the importance of carefully quantifying species richness using taxon sampling curves.
5,706 citations
"Insectivorous bird communities of d..." refers background in this paper
...Gotelli NJ, Colwell RK. Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness....
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...(equivalent to the species density of Gotelli and Colwell [40])....
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...The number of species observed on each surveyed farm was used directly as the measure of species richness (equivalent to the species density of Gotelli and Colwell [40])....
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TL;DR: It is found that fruit, vegetable or seed production from 87 of the leading global food crops is dependent upon animal pollination, while 28 crops do not rely upon animalPollination, however, global production volumes give a contrasting perspective.
Abstract: The extent of our reliance on animal pollination for world crop production for human food has not previously been evaluated and the previous estimates for countries or continents have seldom used primary data. In this review, we expand the previous estimates using novel primary data from 200 countries and found that fruit, vegetable or seed production from 87 of the leading global food crops is dependent upon animal pollination, while 28 crops do not rely upon animal pollination. However, global production volumes give a contrasting perspective, since 60% of global production comes from crops that do not depend on animal pollination, 35% from crops that depend on pollinators, and 5% are unevaluated. Using all crops traded on the world market and setting aside crops that are solely passively self-pollinated, wind-pollinated or parthenocarpic, we then evaluated the level of dependence on animal-mediated pollination for crops that are directly consumed by humans. We found that pollinators are essential for 13 crops, production is highly pollinator dependent for 30, moderately for 27, slightly for 21, unimportant for 7, and is of unknown significance for the remaining 9. We further evaluated whether local and landscape-wide management for natural pollination services could help to sustain crop diversity and production. Case studies for nine crops on four continents revealed that agricultural intensification jeopardizes wild bee communities and their stabilizing effect on pollination services at the landscape scale.
4,830 citations
"Insectivorous bird communities of d..." refers background in this paper
...Further, pollinators improve production of 70% of the globally most important crop species and influence 35% of global human food supply [5]....
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