Q2. What is the role of institutions in the development of human exchange?
Institutions are often seen as humanly devised constraints that shape interactions (North, 1990) and are considered to be key to structure incentives in human exchange (Coase, 1988; Williamson, 2000, 2002).
Q3. How many garments are discarded in the Netherlands, UK, and Nordics?
In the Netherlands, UK, and the Nordics it is estimated that 61% of these discarded garments (postconsumer textiles), are lost in household waste, ending up in landfill or incineration.
Q4. What is the way to share risks and rewards in circular materials flows?
A promising way to share risks and rewards more fairly in circular materials flows is to apply a so-called “dynamic earning model”, which also motivates companies to be more innovative(Turntoo, 2015).
Q5. What can be seen as a result of the circular metabolism process?
More specifically new forms of organizations, such as contracts and arrangements between firms participating in circular metabolisms, can eventually result in altering more general rules in society, thus starting a process of transition at a wider scale (Dacin et al., 2002).
Q6. How much does the company charge for a pair of jeans?
In their business model, customers can lease a pair of jeans for V 7,50 per month after paying an entrance (or membership) fee of V 25,-.
Q7. What is the suitable method to build theory from cases?
being deeply embedded in rich empirical data, building theory from cases often generates theory that is testable, accurate, and noteworthy (Eisenhardt and Graebner, 2007).
Q8. What happens when the product is returned to the company after use?
When the product returns to the company after use, cascading activities, like leasing again, refurbishing or harvesting materials, take place.
Q9. What are the conditions for the emergence of new organizational forms between firms?
These pose the conditions for the emergence of novel organizational forms between firms, in which, similarly to any other inter-firm networking, collaboration is explored in order to take full advantage of a circular metabolism, whilst limiting its costs (Grandori, 2012).
Q10. Why is it impossible to change the whole collection of a brand at once?
Due to the scarce availability of optimized materials in this developing phase, it is impossible to change the whole collection of a brand at once.
Q11. What are the common types of materials used in consumer goods?
These are often synthetic or mineral materials and are used in a lot of consumer goods such as electronics, furniture, and cars (Braungart and McDonough, 2002).
Q12. What is the problem with the way financial institutions assess business plans?
A problem arises from the way financial institutions assess business plans in order to grant funding: when businesses, for instance, apply for a loan to fund a project, the bank often uses a checklist to assess whether the project is likely to be successful.
Q13. What are the two clusters of cases?
The second cluster of cases are for-profit organizations/businesses that have been experimenting and acting as frontrunners in the transition process to circular materials flows in the Dutch textile industry.