Integrated comfort sensing system on indoor climate
TL;DR: In this article, an integrated comfort sensing system on indoor climate using humidity, temperature and air flow sensors with integrated driving and amplifying circuit is presented, which can provide an effective means of measuring the indoor comfort sensing index of a human being.
Abstract: This research is about an integrated comfort sensing system on indoor climate using humidity, temperature and air flow sensors with integrated driving and amplifying circuit. The comfort sensing appears to be highly sensitive to temperature and air flow. We have designed and fabricated a one-bodied humidity/temperature sensor and a flow sensor. In order to drive sensors and amplify signals, the ASIC chip has been designed and integrated by CMOS technology. Because the first ASIC chip was not good for driving and amplifying signals, we designed and fabricated a different OP-AMP cell of the circuit. The microcontroller calculates a predicted mean vote (PMV) and comfort sensing vote (CSV) with sensing signals and displays a PMV on liquid crystal display (LCD) for human comfort on indoor climate. Our work has demonstrated that an integrated comfort sensing system can provide an effective means of measuring the indoor comfort sensing index of a human being. Experimental results with simulated environment clearly suggest that our sensing system can be used in many applications such as air conditioning system, feedback controlling in automobiles, homes, hospitals, etc.
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19 Sep 2005
TL;DR: In this article, a thermal comfort controller for indoor thermal environment regulation is proposed, where predicted mean vote (PMV) is adopted as the control objective and six variables are taken into consideration.
Abstract: This paper describes the design of a thermal comfort controller for indoor thermal environment regulation. In this controller, predicted mean vote (PMV) is adopted as the control objective and six variables are taken into consideration. Meanwhile, a kind of direct neural network (NN) control is designed, and a thermal space model for variable-air-volume (VAV) application is developed. Based on the computer simulation, it is seen that this thermal comfort controller can maintain the indoor comfort level within the desired range under both heating/cooling modes. Furthermore, by combining the energy saving strategy with the VAV application, it also shows the potential for energy saving in future
144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a wireless, smart comfort sensing system based on the IEEE 1451 standard was developed for building automation, where the communication module, sensor node, and sink node were developed to achieve the target design goals.
Abstract: In building automation, comfort is an important aspect, and the real-time measurement of comfort is notoriously complicated. In this paper, we have developed a wireless, smart comfort sensing system. The important parameters in designing the prevalent measurement of comfort systems, such as portability, power consumption, reliability, and system cost, were considered. To achieve the target design goals, the communication module, sensor node, and sink node were developed based on the IEEE1451 standard. Electrochemical and semiconductor sensors were considered for the development of the sensor array, and the results of both technologies were compared. The sensor and sink nodes were implemented using the ATMega88 microcontroller. Microsoft Visual Studio 2013 preview was used to create the graphical user interface in C#. The sensors were calibrated after the signal processing circuit to ensure that the standard accuracy of the sensor was achieved. This paper presents detailed design solutions to problems that existed in the literature.
89 citations
Cites background or methods from "Integrated comfort sensing system o..."
...Other parameters such as clothing level, activity level, and mean radiant temperature were considered according to ISO7730 standards [8]....
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...In this article, we have concentrated on thermal comfort estimation with air quality considerations because thermal comfort and air quality are very significant factors in deciding the human comfort level and building sustainability [7], [8]....
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TL;DR: The predicted mean vote is adopted as the control objective to improve indoor comfort level by considering six comfort related variables, whilst a direct neural network controller is designed to overcome the nonlinear feature of the PMV calculation for better performance.
80 citations
04 Dec 2009
TL;DR: The use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are projected to enhance energy efficiency of HVAC systems as well as provides comfortable environment to assure occupants' productivities.
Abstract: This paper reviews thermal comfort based control strategies for modern commercial buildings with heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. In order to make HVAC systems more energy-efficient, better system operations and control algorithms for HVAC systems are demanded. Research conducted predominately within the last decade suggests that commercial building HVAC significantly influences the health, satisfaction, and productivity of the building occupants. This paper also projects the use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) to enhance energy efficiency of HVAC systems as well as provides comfortable environment to assure occupants' productivities.
64 citations
TL;DR: An embedded system to design a weather monitoring system which enables the monitoring of weather parameters in an industry and contains pair of sensors like temperature, Gas and humidity and LPC1768 microcontroller (ARM9).
Abstract: Weather monitoring plays an important role in human life, so the collection of information about the temporal dynamics of weather changes is very important. In any industry during certain hazards it is very important to monitor weather. The fundamental aim of this paper is to develop an embedded system to design a weather monitoring system which enables the monitoring of weather parameters in an industry. Such a system contains pair of sensors like temperature, Gas and humidity will be monitored and LPC1768 microcontroller (ARM9). The data from the sensors are collected by the microcontroller and also microcontroller sends the sensors data in to the LABVIEW by using the Serial Communication and this module will keep the data in excel page & also we can get the SMS in the mobile with the help of GSM module. The system uses a compact circuitry built around LPC1768 (ARM9) microcontroller Programs are developed in Embedded C using the IDE Keiluvision4. JTAG is used for loading programs into Microcontroller.
48 citations
Cites background from "Integrated comfort sensing system o..."
...Kang and Park have developed monitoring systems, using sensors for indoor climate and environment based on the parameters mentioned [1] in 2000....
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...Today, automated weather stations are available as commercial products with variety of facilities and options [1-3]....
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References
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Book•
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview of current mirror and Opamp design and compensation for single-stage Amplifiers and Current Mirrors, as well as a comparison of the two types of Opamps.
Abstract: Partial table of contents: Integrated--Circuit Devices and Modelling. Processing and Layout. Basic Current Mirrors and Single--Stage Amplifiers. Noise Analysis and Modelling. Basic Opamp Design and Compensation. Advanced Current Mirrors and Opamps. Comparators. Switched--Capacitor Circuits. Nyquist--Rate D/A Converters. Oversampling Converters. Phase--Locked Loops. Index.
3,118 citations
TL;DR: The longitudinal and transverse piezoresistance coefficients at room temperature are plotted as a function of the crystal directions for orientations in the lattice in this article, where the crystal orientation is assumed to be orthogonal.
Abstract: The longitudinal and transverse piezoresistance coefficients, Π(300 K), at room temperature are plotted as a function of the crystal directions for orientations in the
880 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an overview of current design techniques for operational amplifiers implemented in CMOS and NMOS technology at a tutorial level is presented, focusing on CMOS amplifiers because of their more widespread use.
Abstract: Presents an overview of current design techniques for operational amplifiers implemented in CMOS and NMOS technology at a tutorial level. Primary emphasis is placed on CMOS amplifiers because of their more widespread use. Factors affecting voltage gain, input noise, offsets, common mode and power supply rejection, power dissipation, and transient response are considered for the traditional bipolar-derived two-stage architecture. Alternative circuit approaches for optimization of particular performance aspects are summarized, and examples are given.
493 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a piezoresistive Wheatstone bridge is used to transform bending stresses of a polyimide layer into an output voltage, which is then used to measure the humidity.
Abstract: This paper deals with a new type of humidity sensor. Whereas conventional humidity sensors utilize the change of the specific resistivity or the dielectric properties here the humidity induced volume change of a polyimide layer leads to a deformation of a silicon membrane. The bending stresses will be transformed into an output voltage by a piezoresistive Wheatstone bridge. This principle offers many advantages: (i) a separation of electrical transducing elements (piezoresistors) from measured humidity value, (ii) an advanced electrical long-term stability owing to qualified passivation concepts for the piezoresistors, (iii) the well-known opportunities to miniaturize humidity sensors using semiconductor technologies and micromechanics, (iv) use of only conventional IC processes. The fabrication process of the developed humidity sensor is nearly like that of a common pressure sensor. The first fabricated and tested piezoresistive humidity sensors showed a comparable behaviour to capacitive thin-film humidity sensors, that means fast transient response (T90≈20–25 s) and high accuracy (down to 1% r.h.).
55 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe some design aspects of newly developed bimorphic piezoresistive humidity sensors and evaluate the benefits and limitations of the sensor behavior based on consistent material parameters.
Abstract: The paper describes some design aspects of newly developed bimorphic piezoresistive humidity sensors. Their operation relies on the bimorphic bending of a polymer-coated diaphragm as a result of the humidity-induced swelling of the polymer. The mechanical bending is evaluated by means of piezoresistors located on the diaphragm, but physically separated from the polymer. This physical separation between the mechanical and the electrical transducer is expected to improve the reliability and long-term stability of the sensor devices. In order to evaluate the benefits and limitations of the piezoresistive humidity sensor, we have developed empirical models based on consistent material parameters to describe the sensor behaviour. Transfer functions correlating the sensor output voltage to the relative humidity have been developed assuming a zero-humidity offset voltage and a linear relationship between the voltage and the humidity. The transfer functions were validated by measurements on prototypes. The measurement accuracy and long-term stability of the sensors were found to be limited by the temperature sensitivity of the polymer's response function and by an initial voltage drift due to the relaxation of technologically induced mechanical stress. These undesired effects can, however, be reduced by means of electronic temperature compensation and controlled artificial ageing.
24 citations