Journal Article•
Integrated Energy-Aware Mechanism for MANETs using On-demand Routing
21 Feb 2008-World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Electrical, Computer, Energetic, Electronic and Communication Engineering-Vol. 2, Iss: 2, pp 253-260
TL;DR: A mechanism involving the integration of load balancing approach and transmission power control approach is introduced to maximize the life-span of MANETs and reduces the average required transmission energy per packet compared to the standard AODV.
Abstract: Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are multi-hop wireless networks in which all nodes cooperatively maintain network connectivity. In such a multi-hop wireless network, every node may be required to perform routing in order to achieve end-to-end communication among nodes. These networks are energy constrained as most ad hoc mobile nodes today operate with limited battery power. Hence, it is important to minimize the energy consumption of the entire network in order to maximize the lifetime of ad hoc networks. In this paper, a mechanism involving the integration of load balancing approach and transmission power control approach is introduced to maximize the life-span of MANETs. The mechanism is applied on Ad hoc On-demand Vector (AODV) protocol to make it as energy aware AODV (EA_AODV). The simulation is carried out using GloMoSim2.03 simulator. The results show that the proposed mechanism reduces the average required transmission energy per packet compared to the standard AODV. Keywords—energy aware routing, load balance, Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, MANETs ,on demand routing,transmission power control.
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Journal Article•
27 Aug 2009-World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Electrical, Computer, Energetic, Electronic and Communication Engineering
TL;DR: This paper proposes a trust based energy aware routing model in MANET that forms a reliable route from source to destination thus increasing network life time, improving energy utilization and decreasing number of packet loss during transmission.
Abstract: Trust and Energy consumption is the most challenging issue in routing protocol design for Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), since mobile nodes are battery powered and nodes behaviour are unpredictable. Furthermore replacing and recharging batteries and making nodes co-operative is often impossible in critical environments like military applications. In this paper, we propose a trust based energy aware routing model in MANET. During route discovery, node with more trust and maximum energy capacity is selected as a router based on a parameter called ‘Reliability’. Route request from the source is accepted by a node only if its reliability is high. Otherwise, the route request is discarded. This approach forms a reliable route from source to destination thus increasing network life time, improving energy utilization and decreasing number of packet loss during transmission. Keywords—Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Trust, Energy, Reliability, AODV, TEA-AODV.
39 citations
03 Jun 2011
TL;DR: This project proposes a MANET routing protocol considering the QoS parameters such as bandwidth efficiency, link stability and power metric, and applies this learning algorithm in the existing MAODV protocol which will further enhance theQoS in MAODv.
Abstract: Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) communication is challenging as they are dynamic in nature. We propose a MANET routing protocol considering the QoS (Quality of Service) parameters such as bandwidth efficiency, link stability and power metric. The idea of learning the network status information to enhance network routing is the key concept of our project. This helps to learn about the expiry of links and choose the path with more expiration time and the minimum power consumption. The learning is carried out instantly by a typical route request/reply packets containing the network status information. This reinforcement learning is called Q-Learning algorithm. The enhanced version of route determining process leads to tremendous improvement in QoS. We apply this learning algorithm in the existing MAODV protocol which will further enhance the QoS in MAODV. The simulation results show that the proposed system performs better than the existing system in terms of improving QoS.
33 citations
02 May 2014
TL;DR: Simulation results show that the lifetime of network has been increased in EE-AODV as compared to AODV, and the routing algorithm adopted by Energy Efficient Ad Hoc Distance Vector protocol has enhanced the RREQ and RREP handling process.
Abstract: Statistics shows that wireless technology is gaining popularity day by day. Today, people sitting at either ends of the country can communicate with each other with the help of wireless technology. But energy efficiency is a critical issue for battery-powered mobile devices in ad hoc networks and routing based on energy relate parameters is used to extend the network lifetime. This paper proposes an EE-AODV routing protocol which is an enhancement in the existing AODV routing protocol. The routing algorithm which is adopted by Energy Efficient Ad Hoc Distance Vector protocol (EE-AODV) has enhanced the RREQ and RREP handling process to save the energy in mobile devices. EE-AODV considers some level of energy as the minimum energy which should be available in the node to be used as an intermediary node (or hop). When the energy of a node reaches to or below that level, the node should not be considered as an intermediary node, until and unless no alternative path is available. Simulation results show that lifetime of network increased in EE-AODV as compared to AODV.
26 citations
24 Sep 2009
TL;DR: An energy-aware routing mechanism EA-AODV is presented to maximize the use of the limited energy and prolong the lifetime of ZigBee network and the simulation results show that the method is feasible for saving energy and could improve the performance of Zigbee network.
Abstract: With the rapid development of wireless technology ZigBee, it is attracting more attention in network fields as a new kind of short range wireless communication technology characterized by its lower power consumption and cost. The consideration about the issue for the energy is thus one of the most significant aspects of the network based on ZigBee wireless technology. How to prolong the lifetime of the ZigBee network is the important goal of designing the ZigBee routing protocol. An energy-aware routing mechanism EA-AODV is presented to maximize the use of the limited energy and prolong the lifetime of ZigBee network. The simulation results show that the method about EA-AODV is feasible for saving energy and could improve the performance of ZigBee network.
23 citations
01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: A reliable routing algorithm based on fuzzy-logic (RRAF) for finding a reliable path in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks and simulation results show that RRAF has significant reliability improvement in comparision with AODV.
Abstract: By growing the use of real-time application on mobile devices, there is a constant challenge to provide reliable and high quality routing algorithm among these devices . In this paper, we propose a reliable routing algorithm based on fuzzy-logic (RRAF) for finding a reliable path in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. In this scheme for each node we determine two parameters , trust value and energy value, to calculate the lifetime of routes . Every node along route discovery , records its trust value and energy capacity in RREQ packet. In the destination with the aid of fuzzy logic ,a new parameter is generated from inputs trust value and energy value of each route which is called "Reliability Value". The path with more reliability value is selected as a stable route from source to destination .Simulation results show that RRAF has significant reliability improvement in comparision with AODV.
21 citations
References
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01 Jul 2003
TL;DR: A logging instrument contains a pulsed neutron source and a pair of radiation detectors spaced along the length of the instrument to provide an indication of formation porosity which is substantially independent of the formation salinity.
Abstract: The Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol is intended for use by mobile nodes in an ad hoc network. It offers quick adaptation to dynamic link conditions, low processing and memory overhead, low network utilization, and determines unicast routes to destinations within the ad hoc network. It uses destination sequence numbers to ensure loop freedom at all times (even in the face of anomalous delivery of routing control messages), avoiding problems (such as "counting to infinity") associated with classical distance vector protocols.
11,490 citations
"Integrated Energy-Aware Mechanism f..." refers methods in this paper
...In this paper, energy aware approach is applied on AODV to make it as Energy Aware AODV (EA AODV)[7]....
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25 Feb 1999
TL;DR: An ad-hoc network is the cooperative engagement of a collection of mobile nodes without the required intervention of any centralized access point or existing infrastructure and the proposed routing algorithm is quite suitable for a dynamic self starting network, as required by users wishing to utilize ad- hoc networks.
Abstract: An ad-hoc network is the cooperative engagement of a collection of mobile nodes without the required intervention of any centralized access point or existing infrastructure. We present Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV), a novel algorithm for the operation of such ad-hoc networks. Each mobile host operates as a specialized router, and routes are obtained as needed (i.e., on-demand) with little or no reliance on periodic advertisements. Our new routing algorithm is quite suitable for a dynamic self starting network, as required by users wishing to utilize ad-hoc networks. AODV provides loop-free routes even while repairing broken links. Because the protocol does not require global periodic routing advertisements, the demand on the overall bandwidth available to the mobile nodes is substantially less than in those protocols that do necessitate such advertisements. Nevertheless we can still maintain most of the advantages of basic distance vector routing mechanisms. We show that our algorithm scales to large populations of mobile nodes wishing to form ad-hoc networks. We also include an evaluation methodology and simulation results to verify the operation of our algorithm.
11,360 citations
"Integrated Energy-Aware Mechanism f..." refers background in this paper
...The nodes in MANET are self-organizing, self-configuring, self-maintaining and characterized by multi-hop wireless connectivity and frequently changing topology [1]....
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TL;DR: This work presents a new power-aware routing protocol to satisfy two constraints simultaneously of the power consumption rate of each node and the overall transmission power for each connection request, and compares the performance of different types of power-related routing algorithms via simulation.
Abstract: Most ad hoc mobile devices today operate on batteries. Hence, power consumption becomes an important issue. To maximize the lifetime of ad hoc mobile networks, the power consumption rate of each node must be evenly distributed, and the overall transmission power for each connection request must be minimized. These two objectives cannot be satisfied simultaneously by employing routing algorithms proposed in previous work. We present a new power-aware routing protocol to satisfy these two constraints simultaneously; we also compare the performance of different types of power-related routing algorithms via simulation. Simulation results confirm the need to strike a balance in attaining service availability performance of the whole network vs. the lifetime of ad hoc mobile devices.
1,159 citations
"Integrated Energy-Aware Mechanism f..." refers background in this paper
...Nodes keep track of the RREQ source address and broadcast ID, discarding any RREQ they have already processed....
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...In order to maximize the life-time of a mobile node, it is important to reduce the energy consumption of a node while transmitting packet....
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TL;DR: The importance of efficient caching techniques to store the minimum energy route information and the use of an 'energy aware' link cache for storing this information is highlighted.
Abstract: A minimum energy routing protocol reduces the energy consumption of the nodes in a wireless ad hoc network by routing packets on routes that consume the minimum amount of energy to get the packets to their destination. This paper identifies the necessary features of an on-demand minimum energy routing protocol and suggests mechanisms for their implementation. We highlight the importance of efficient caching techniques to store the minimum energy route information and propose the use of an 'energy aware' link cache for storing this information. We compare the performance of an on-demand minimum energy routing protocol in terms of energy savings with an existing on-demand ad hoc routing protocol via simulation. We discuss the implementation of Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol using the Click modular router on a real life test-bed consisting of laptops and wireless Ethernet cards. Finally we describe the modifications we have made to the DSR router to make it energy aware.
296 citations
"Integrated Energy-Aware Mechanism f..." refers background in this paper
...(e-mail: principal@pec.edu). routing (CMMBCR) to choose a shortest path among all paths in which every node has a battery capacity above a predefined threshold value in order to extend the lifetime of nodes in the network....
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04 Apr 2005
TL;DR: The modified dynamic source routing protocol is modified to make it energy aware by a network simulator and results show that the proposed ESDSR can save energy up to 40% per packet and it can send 20 % more packets to destinations by spending the same battery power in compare to DSR.
Abstract: In this paper, energy saving dynamic source routing (ESDSR) protocol is introduced to maximize the life-span of a mobile ad hoc network (MANET). Many theoretical studies show that energy consumption in MANET can be significantly reduced using energy-aware routing protocols compared to fixed-power minimum-hop routing protocols. Two approaches are broadly suggested for energy-aware routing protocols - transmission power control approach and load sharing approach. ESDSR integrates the advantages of those two approaches. In ESDSR, the routing decision is based on a load balancing approach. Once a routing decision is made, link by link transmit power adjustment per packet is done based on a transmit power control approach. We modified dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol to make it energy aware by a network simulator (network simulator-2 of University of California). The simulation results show that the proposed ESDSR can save energy up to 40% per packet and it can send 20 % more packets to destinations by spending the same battery power in compare to DSR.
72 citations
"Integrated Energy-Aware Mechanism f..." refers background in this paper
...For sensor networks, Frederick J. Block, Carl W.Baum [4] have presented a set of routing metrics that utilize an estimate of the remaining lifetime of each node....
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