Integrated inherent safety index (I2SI): A tool for inherent safety evaluation
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a conceptual framework of an integrated inherent safety index (I2SI), which is composed of subindices which account for hazard potential, inherent safety potential, and add-on control requirements.
Abstract: Inherent safety is a proactive approach for loss prevention and risk management. Considering the lifetime costs of a process and its operation, an inherent safety approach can lead to a cost-optimal option. Inherent safety may be achieved at any stage of process design; however, its application at the early stages of process design yields the best results. Despite being an attractive and cost-effective approach, the inherent safety methodology is not widely used. Many reasons have been attributed to this lack of widespread use; the nonavailability of systematic tools for the application of inherent safety principles is perhaps the most important reason.
This paper presents a conceptual framework of an integrated inherent safety index (I2SI). It is called an integrated index because the procedure, when fully developed, is intended to consider the life cycle of the process with economic evaluation and hazard potential identification for each option. The I2SI is composed of subindices which account for hazard potential, inherent safety potential, and add-on control requirements. An application of the I2SI is also discussed. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 23: 136–148, 2004
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed past progress in the development of methods and models for process safety and risk management and highlighted the present research trends; also it outlines the opinions of the authors regarding the future research direction in the field.
Abstract: The paper reviews past progress in the development of methods and models for process safety and risk management and highlights the present research trends; also it outlines the opinions of the authors regarding the future research direction in the field. Based on the open literature published in the leading journals in the field of safety, risk and reliability, the review covers the evolution of the methods and models developed for process safety and risk management. The methods and models are categorized as qualitative, semi-quantitative, quantitative and hybrid. The progress in the last few decades is discussed in the context of the past. Developments in the current decade formulate the basis of the present trends; future directions for research in these fields are also outlined. The aim of the article is to provide a historical development in this field with respect to the driving forces behind the development. It is expected that it will help researchers and industrial practitioners to gain a better understanding of the existing concepts. At the same time the aim is to provide direction to bridge the existing gaps through research and developments.
361 citations
Cites background from "Integrated inherent safety index (I..."
...I2SI is also capable of erforming the inherent safety evaluation along with an ecoomic evaluation, but I2SI addresses only hazard reduction ather than risk reduction....
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...I2SI (Khan and Amyotte, 2004, 2005) is a strucured guideword approach developed to measure the inherent afety level of a process unit....
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TL;DR: An integrated inherent safety index (I2SI) was presented at the 37th Annual Loss Prevention Symposium of the AIChE (2003) and published in Process Safety Progress (volume 23(2), 136-148, 2004) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: This paper presents details of an integrated inherent safety index (I2SI) The conceptual framework of this index was presented at the 37th Annual Loss Prevention Symposium of the AIChE (2003) and published in Process Safety Progress (volume 23(2), 136–148, 2004) In addition to the framework, the current paper discusses additional features of the index such as the cost model and system design model, which were not presented or discussed earlier I2SI is called an integrated index because the procedure considers the life cycle of the process with economic evaluation and hazard potential identification for each option I2SI is comprised of sub-indices which account for hazard potential, inherent safety potential, and add-on control requirements In addition to evaluating these respective characteristics, there are also indices that measure the economic potential of the option To demonstrate the applicability and efficacy of I2SI, an application of the index to three acrylic acid production options is also discussed in the paper
164 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a generic and systematic methodology for identifying the feasible retrofit design alternatives of any chemical process, where a set of mass and energy indicators from steady-state process data, established the operational and design targets, and through a sensitivity-based analysis, identifies the design alternatives that can match a setof design targets.
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to present a generic and systematic methodology for identifying the feasible retrofit design alternatives of any chemical process. The methodology determines a set of mass and energy indicators from steady-state process data, establishes the operational and design targets, and through a sensitivity-based analysis, identifies the design alternatives that can match a set of design targets. The significance of this indicator-based method is that it is able to identify alternatives, where one or more performance criteria (factors) move in the same direction thereby eliminating the need to identify trade-off-based solutions. These indicators are also able to reduce (where feasible) a set of safety indicators. An indicator sensitivity analysis algorithm has been added to the methodology to define design targets and to generate sustainable process alternatives. A computer-aided tool has been developed to facilitate the calculations needed for the application of the methodology. The application of the indicator-based methodology and the developed software are highlighted through a process flowsheet for the production of vinyl chlorine monomer (VCM).
134 citations
TL;DR: A review of the work done in the last 30 years in the field, and a critical analysis of available tools and knowledge gaps concerning domino effect assessment are presented, making now possible the quantitative assessment of domino scenarios in risk analysis and in safety management of industrial sites.
Abstract: High-impact low-probability (HILP) accident scenarios in industrial sites are raising a growing concern. Domino effect was responsible of several catastrophic accidents that affected the chemical and process industry, as well as critical infrastructures for energy as oil refineries. However, there is still a poor agreement on assessment procedures to address escalation hazard resulting in domino scenarios. The present study presents a review of the work done in the last 30 years in the field, and a critical analysis of available tools and knowledge gaps concerning domino effect assessment. The analysis of scientific publications concerning domino effect in the process industry resulted in a database of more than 60 documents, addressing three main issues: past accident analysis, models for equipment damage, risk assessment and safety management of domino scenarios. The methods, models and tools developed make now possible the quantitative assessment of domino scenarios in risk analysis and in safety management of industrial sites. Nevertheless, a number of open points still remain, where existing tools may be improved and uncertainty may be reduced.
109 citations
Cites methods from "Integrated inherent safety index (I..."
...The Integrated Inherent Safety Index (I2SI), developed by Khan and Amyotte (2004; 2005), was used to implement inherently safer solutions, also accounting for domino scenarios....
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TL;DR: The Inherent Benign-ness Indicator (IBI) is proposed, a statistical analysis-based methodology for comparing process routes that can determine the broad similarities and differences in the safety, health, and environmental footprints of the routes.
Abstract: The choice of chemical process routes is one of the key decisions in the early design stages. An “inherently safer” route will help eliminate many hazards as well as obviate many risk control devices. Many inherent safety indices have been proposed to quantify hazards, health and environmental impact of a chemical process route. These indices measure a route's inherent benign-ness based on various process route descriptors such as temperature, pressure, yield, as well as the properties of the chemicals involved. Usually routes involving more reactive, toxic chemicals and hazardous reactions are considered less safe by these indices. Inherent safety indices typically suffer from several shortcomings including subjective scaling and weighting of factors, and consideration of limited set of aspects. In this paper, we propose the Inherent Benign-ness Indicator (IBI), a statistical analysis-based methodology for comparing process routes. A systematic way to scale disparate factors is also proposed. The IBI can be used to rank the routes; additionally it can determine the broad similarities and differences in the safety, health, and environmental footprints of the routes. Thus, it can assist the process designer determine modifications needed to improve a route's benign-ness. This easy-to-use, extendable, theoretically sound approach to compare competing routes is illustrated using two case studies involving acetic acid and methyl methacrylate manufacture.
102 citations
References
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TL;DR: The concept of maximizing set and minimizing set is introduced to decide the ordering value of each fuzzy number and these values are used to determine the order of the n fuzzy numbers.
Abstract: Up to now, these are five methods of ranking n fuzzy numbers in order, but these methods contain some confusions and occasionally conflict with intuition. This paper introduces the concept of maximizing set and minimizing set to decide the ordering value of each fuzzy number and uses these values to determine the order of the n fuzzy numbers. In addition, we give a method for calculating the ordering value of each fuzzy number with triangular, trapezoidal, and two-sided drum-like shaped membership functions.
875 citations
"Integrated inherent safety index (I..." refers methods in this paper
...Chen [37] has generalized the results for trapezoidal fuzzy numbers as shown in the previous schematic and Eq....
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...The first step in Chen’s ranking method [37] is to estimate the final composite L (x) of an index value Ai....
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TL;DR: The experts' opinions are described by linguistic terms which can be expressed in trapezoidal (or triangular) fuzzy numbers to make the consensus of the experts consistent and an algorithm for evaluating the best main battle tank by fuzzy decision theory is proposed.
Abstract: To face the reality of practical multiple criteria problems usually possessing characters of fuzziness, and to consider group decision making with various subjective–objective backgrounds usually participating in decision-making process. In this paper, the experts' opinions are described by linguistic terms which can be expressed in trapezoidal (or triangular) fuzzy numbers. To make the consensus of the experts consistent, we utilize fuzzy Delphi method to adjust the fuzzy rating of every expert to achieve the consensus condition. For the aggregate of many experts' opinions, we take the operation of fuzzy numbers to get the mean of fuzzy rating, x ij and the mean of weight, w •j . In multi-alternatives and multi-attributes cases, the fuzzy decision matrix X =[ x ij ] m×n is constructed by the mean of the fuzzy rating, x ij . Then, we can derive the aggregate fuzzy numbers by multiplying the fuzzy decision matrix with the corresponding fuzzy attribute weights. The final results become a problem of ranking fuzzy numbers. We also propose an easy procedure of using fuzzy numbers to rank aggregate fuzzy numbers A i . In this way, we can obtain the best selection for evaluating system. For practical application, we propose an algorithm for evaluating the best main battle tank by fuzzy decision theory and compare it with other method.
496 citations
"Integrated inherent safety index (I..." refers methods in this paper
...Cheng and Lin [38] discussed a simple averaging method for the defuzzification of a trapezoidal fuzzy number: U i x ai bi ci di 4 ....
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...Cheng and Y. Lin, Evaluating the best main battle tank using fuzzy decision theory with linguistic criteria evaluation, Eur J Oper Res 142 (2002), 174–186....
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...Cheng and Lin [38] discussed a simple averaging method for the defuzzification of a trapezoidal fuzzy number:...
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Book•
01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: Inherently Safer and User-Friendly Plants as mentioned in this paper, the concept and its scope and benefits are discussed and the history and future of Inherently SAFER and Friendlier Design Appendix-An Atlas of Safety Thinking Index
Abstract: Preface Preface to the First Edition 1. Introduction-What are Inherently Safer and User-Friendly Plants? 2.Inherently Safer Design-The Concept and its Scope and Benefits 3.Intensification 4.Substitution 5.Attenuation 6.Limitation of Effects 7.Simplification 8.Simplification -Specifications and Flexibility 9.Other Ways of Making Plants Friendlier 10.The Road to Friendlier Plants 11.Friendlier Plants and teh Nuclear Industry 12.Do We Go Too Far in Removing Risk 13.The History-and Future- of Inherently Safer and Friendlier Design Appendix-An Atlas of Safety Thinking Index
199 citations
TL;DR: In recent years, there has been an increased effort to develop inherently safer chemical processes, focusing on changing the process to eliminate hazards, rather than accepting the hazards and developing add-on features to control them as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In recent years there has been an increased effort to develop inherently safer chemical processes, focusing on changing the process to eliminate hazards, rather than accepting the hazards and developing add-on features to control them. This paper discusses design approaches to inherently safer processing, including examples of inherent safety principles. The paper also presents a state-of-the-art review of the initiatives taken by various groups and agencies worldwide to promote inherent safety, and the tools developed to measure inherent safety for chemical processes. The discussion concludes with thoughts on why inherent safety is not yet a routine practice for accomplishing risk reduction, and suggestions for ways to make it routine (with reference to a brief case study).
159 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new life cycle indexing system is proposed, which will facilitate the LCA application in process and product evaluation and decision-making, which is comprised of four important sub-indices or attributes -environment, health and safety (EHS), cost, technical feasibility, and socio-political factors.
Abstract: Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an important technique in the successful implementation of a process or product development in the context of environmental sustainability. Attempts have been made to incorporate LCA in public and corporate processes and product related decision-making. The European Union’s eco-labeling schemes and the United Kingdom’s Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive have tried to integrate life cycle thinking with policy making. However, these efforts still have not made LCA an integral part of process and product selection and design. The absence of an easy to use tool for rapid reconnaissance is a basic limitation of the LCA application. A new life cycle indexing system — LInX — is proposed, which will facilitate the LCA application in process and product evaluation and decision-making. The LInX is comprised of four important sub-indices or attributes — environment, health and safety (EHS), cost, technical feasibility, and socio-political factors. Further, each attribute contains a number of basic parameters, e.g. EHS consists of 11 parameters. Quantification of each basic parameter is performed for the complete life cycle of a proposed process or product. An analytical hierarchy process is used to compute the weights for each basic parameter and sub-indices. A composite process is used to determine the final overall index. This paper explains the methodology for computation of the new indexing system and demonstrates it with an application.
157 citations