Integrating pests and pathogens into the climate change/food security debate
TL;DR: More mechanistic inclusion of pests and pathogen effects in crop models would lead to more realistic predictions of crop production on a regional scale and thereby assist in the development of more robust regional food security policies.
Abstract: While many studies have demonstrated the sensitivities of plants and of crop yield to a changing climate, a major challenge for the agricultural research community is to relate these findings to the broader societal concern with food security. This paper reviews the direct effects of climate on both crop growth and yield and on plant pests and pathogens and the interactions that may occur between crops, pests, and pathogens under changed climate. Finally, we consider the contribution that better understanding of the roles of pests and pathogens in crop production systems might make to enhanced food security. Evidence for the measured climate change on crops and their associated pests and pathogens is starting to be documented. Globally atmospheric [CO(2)] has increased, and in northern latitudes mean temperature at many locations has increased by about 1.0-1.4 degrees C with accompanying changes in pest and pathogen incidence and to farming practices. Many pests and pathogens exhibit considerable capacity for generating, recombining, and selecting fit combinations of variants in key pathogenicity, fitness, and aggressiveness traits that there is little doubt that any new opportunities resulting from climate change will be exploited by them. However, the interactions between crops and pests and pathogens are complex and poorly understood in the context of climate change. More mechanistic inclusion of pests and pathogen effects in crop models would lead to more realistic predictions of crop production on a regional scale and thereby assist in the development of more robust regional food security policies.
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01 Jan 2014TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of changing temperature, precipitation, and carbon dioxide on plant growth and development are discussed. But, there is little comprehensive understanding of the direct and indirect effects of climate change on agriculture.
Abstract: Climate change impacts the life of every person; however, there is little comprehensive understanding of the direct and indirect effects of climate change on agriculture. Because our food, feed, fiber, and fruit are derived from agricultural systems, understanding the effects of changing temperature, precipitation, and carbon dioxide on plant growth and development is critical. Solar radiation and ozone are changing as part of the climate complex and will affect plant growth and development. Understanding the dynamics of plant growth and development with climate will help ensure an adequate agricultural system to meet human needs as the population increases.
11 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of climate change on crop production in Ethiopia has been discussed, and the authors present projections of changes in relevant meteorological, hydrological and plant physiological quantities from a climate model ensemble to illustrate key areas of uncertainty.
Abstract: This paper reviews the impact of climate change on crop production in Ethiopia. The rainfall variability has significant and negative impact on outputs of crop agriculture in Ethiopia. When the annual rainfall diverges from its mean (both upward and downward), the level of production of all crop types diminished significantly. When there is extreme rainfall, the impact of fertilizer to boost productivity has diminished. This paper also reviews recent literature concerning a wide range of processes through which climate change could potentially impact global-scale agricultural productivity, and presents projections of changes in relevant meteorological, hydrological and plant physiological quantities from a climate model ensemble to illustrate key areas of uncertainty. Few global-scale assessments have been carried out, and these are limited in their ability to capture the uncertainty in climate projections, and omit potentially important aspects such as extreme events and changes in pests and diseases. The dependence of some regional agriculture on remote rainfall, snow melt and glaciers adds to the complexity. Indirect impacts via sea-level rise, storms and diseases have not been quantified. Perhaps most seriously, there is high uncertainty in the extent to which the direct effects of CO 2 rise on plant physiology will interact with climate change in affecting productivity. At present, the aggregate impacts of climate change on global-scale agricultural productivity cannot be reliably quantified. Other factors such as area, demand for crop production (private consumption) and labor force have affected crop production significantly. Since climate change is an inevitable phenomenon, policy makers should introduce adaptation measures to sustain the economic growth observed in the last few years. Keywords : agricultural productivity, climate change, crop production, rain fall variability
11 citations
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: The potential for top‐down control to mitigate the effect of global climate change on pest populations is demonstrated, highlighting how crop genotypes vary in responses to climate change; some cultivars can become more susceptible to aphid pests under elevated CO2.
Abstract: The present study investigated the impact of elevated atmospheric CO 2 (390 or 650 μmol/mol) on raspberry genotypes varying in resistance to the large raspberry aphid Amphorophora idaei and any subsequent impact on the coccinellid predator Harmonia axyridis. 2C O 2 enrichment promoted plant growth, ranging from 30% in the partially susceptible cultivar to a more than 100% increase for the susceptible cultivar. 3 Aphid abundance and colonization (presence-absence) on the susceptible cultivars were not influenced by CO 2 enrichment. On the resistant cultivar, aphid colonization increased from 14% in ambient CO 2 to 70% in elevated CO 2 with a subsequent increase in aphid abundance, implying a breakdown in resistance. Inclusion of the natural enemy on the resistant cultivar, however, suppressed the increase in aphid abundance at elevated CO 2 . 4 The present study highlights how crop genotypes vary in responses to climate change; some cultivars can become more susceptible to aphid pests under elevated CO 2 .W e do, however, demonstrate the potential for top-down control to mitigate the effect of global climate change on pest populations.
11 citations
Cites background from "Integrating pests and pathogens int..."
...There is growing interest in understanding how insect herbivores found on crops will respond to such global climate change, particularly in the context of achieving food security (Gregory et al., 2009)....
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11 Nov 2019
TL;DR: Thesis aim and objectives, literature review, and conclusion: management of insect pest with synthetic insecticides in Ghana.
Abstract: ................................................................................................................ xvi CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 General Introduction ........................................................................................ 1 1.2 Overview of cabbage production in Ghana ................................................. 7 1.3 Negative effects associated with managing insect pest with synthetic insecticides ............................................................................................................ 8 1.4 Alternatives to synthetic insecticides ........................................................... 8 1.5 Biological pest control services ..................................................................... 9 1.6 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 17 1.7 Thesis aim and objectives ........................................................................... 17 CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................... 19 Literature review ............................................................................................... 19 2.
11 citations
Cites background from "Integrating pests and pathogens int..."
...Biological control services provided by natural enemies of crop pests, and benign natural insecticides such as botanicals could provide alternatives for sustainable pest management (Amoabeng et al., 2013; Bell et al., 2016; Gregory et al., 2009)....
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...such as botanicals could provide alternatives for sustainable pest management (Amoabeng et al., 2013; Bell et al., 2016; Gregory et al., 2009)....
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References
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01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: The first volume of the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report as mentioned in this paper was published in 2007 and covers several topics including the extensive range of observations now available for the atmosphere and surface, changes in sea level, assesses the paleoclimatic perspective, climate change causes both natural and anthropogenic, and climate models for projections of global climate.
Abstract: This report is the first volume of the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report. It covers several topics including the extensive range of observations now available for the atmosphere and surface, changes in sea level, assesses the paleoclimatic perspective, climate change causes both natural and anthropogenic, and climate models for projections of global climate.
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01 Jul 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors set the stage for impact, adaptation, and vulnerability assessment of climate change in the context of sustainable development and equity, and developed and applied scenarios in Climate Change Impact, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Assessment.
Abstract: Summary for policymakers Technical summary Part I. Setting the Stage for Impact, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Assessment: 1. Overview 2. Methods and tools 3. Development and application of scenarios in Climate Change Impact, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Assessment Part II. Sectors and Systems: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability: 4. Hydrology and water resources 5. Natural and managed ecosystems 6. Coastal zones and marine ecosystems 7. Energy, industry, and settlements 8. Financial services 9. Human health Part III. Regional Analyses: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability: 10. Africa 11. Asia 12. Australasia 13. Europe 14. Latin America 15. North America 16. Polar regions (Arctic and Antarctic) 17. Small island states Part IV. Global Issues and Synthesis: 18. Adaptation to climate change in the context of sustainable development and equity 19. Synthesis and integration of impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability Index.
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01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a cross-chapter case study on climate change and sustainability in natural and managed systems and assess key vulnerabilities and the risk from climate change, and assess adaptation practices, options, constraints and capacity.
Abstract: Foreword Preface Introduction Summary for policymakers Technical summary 1. Assessment of observed changes and responses in natural and managed systems 2. New assessment methodologies and the characterisation of future conditions 3. Fresh water resources and their management 4. Ecosystems, their properties, goods and services 5. Food, fibre and forest products 6. Coastal systems and low-lying areas 7. Industry, settlement and society 8. Human health 9. Africa 10. Asia 11. Australia and New Zealand 12. Europe 13. Latin America 14. North America 15. Polar regions (Arctic and Antarctic) 16. Small islands 17. Assessment of adaptation practices, options, constraints and capacity 18. Inter-relationships between adaptation and mitigation 19. Assessing key vulnerabilities and the risk from climate change 20. Perspectives on climate change and sustainability - 811 Cross-chapter case studies Appendix I. Glossary Appendix II. Contributors to the IPCC WGII Fourth Assessment Report Appendix III. Reviewers of the IPCC WGII Fourth Assessment Report Appendix IV. Acronyms and abbreviations Appendix V. Index and database of regional content Index CD-ROM.
8,465 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a document, redatto, voted and pubblicato by the Ipcc -Comitato intergovernativo sui cambiamenti climatici - illustra la sintesi delle ricerche svolte su questo tema rilevante.
Abstract: Cause, conseguenze e strategie di mitigazione Proponiamo il primo di una serie di articoli in cui affronteremo l’attuale problema dei mutamenti climatici. Presentiamo il documento redatto, votato e pubblicato dall’Ipcc - Comitato intergovernativo sui cambiamenti climatici - che illustra la sintesi delle ricerche svolte su questo tema rilevante.
4,187 citations