Integrating pests and pathogens into the climate change/food security debate
TL;DR: More mechanistic inclusion of pests and pathogen effects in crop models would lead to more realistic predictions of crop production on a regional scale and thereby assist in the development of more robust regional food security policies.
Abstract: While many studies have demonstrated the sensitivities of plants and of crop yield to a changing climate, a major challenge for the agricultural research community is to relate these findings to the broader societal concern with food security. This paper reviews the direct effects of climate on both crop growth and yield and on plant pests and pathogens and the interactions that may occur between crops, pests, and pathogens under changed climate. Finally, we consider the contribution that better understanding of the roles of pests and pathogens in crop production systems might make to enhanced food security. Evidence for the measured climate change on crops and their associated pests and pathogens is starting to be documented. Globally atmospheric [CO(2)] has increased, and in northern latitudes mean temperature at many locations has increased by about 1.0-1.4 degrees C with accompanying changes in pest and pathogen incidence and to farming practices. Many pests and pathogens exhibit considerable capacity for generating, recombining, and selecting fit combinations of variants in key pathogenicity, fitness, and aggressiveness traits that there is little doubt that any new opportunities resulting from climate change will be exploited by them. However, the interactions between crops and pests and pathogens are complex and poorly understood in the context of climate change. More mechanistic inclusion of pests and pathogen effects in crop models would lead to more realistic predictions of crop production on a regional scale and thereby assist in the development of more robust regional food security policies.
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01 Oct 2020
TL;DR: Pleadin et al. as mentioned in this paper discuss the impact of klimatološka promjene on the performance of mikotokigenih vrsta Fusarium, a posebno je zabrinjavajući porast onečišćenja s F. graminearum u sjevernom i središnjem dijelu Europe.
Abstract: Dr. sc. Jelka PLEADIN*, dipl. ing. biotehnol., znanstvena savjetnica, izvanredna profesorica (dopisni autor, e-mail: pleadin@veinst.hr), dr. sc. Manuela ZADRAVEC, dr. med. vet., znanstvena suradnica, Tina LEŠIĆ, mag. ing. mol. biotehnol., viša stručna suradnica, doktorandica, Hrvatski veterinarski institut, Zagreb, Hrvatska; dr. sc. Jadranka FRECE, dipl. ing. biotehnol., redovita profesorica, dr. sc. Ksenija MARKOV, dipl. ing. biotehnol., redovita profesorica, Prehrambeno-biotehnološki fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, Hrvatska; dr. sc. Višnja VASILJ, dipl. ing. agronomije, izvanredna profesorica, Agronomski i prehrambeno-tehnološki fakultet Sveučilišta u Mostaru, Mostar, Bosna i Hercegovina Sažetak Tijekom posljednjeg desetljeća znanstvenici sve više ukazuju na globalno zagrijavanje, dovodeći klimatske promjene u poveznicu s novom strukturom vrsta plijesni producenata mikotoksina po geografskim područjima svijeta. Izraženije klimatske promjene mogu u budućnosti izmijeniti otpornost domaćina i interakciju domaćin-patogen te imati znatan utjecaj na razvoj toksikogenih plijesni i produkciju mikotoksina kao njihovih sekundarnih metabolita. Novonastala klimatološka situacija izaziva sve veću pozornost i zahtijeva nove dijagnostičke alate, kao i nove spoznaje o biološkim karakteristikama poljoprivrednih kultura koje se uzgajaju i genetici toksikogenih plijesni. Zbog sve povoljnijih klimatskih uvjeta za rast Aspergillus flavus na području Europe, u narednom razdoblju postoji povećani rizik od onečišćenja žitarica izrazito toksičnim aflatoksinima. Ujedno, profil mikotoksigenih vrsta Fusarium počinje se sve znatnije mijenjati, a posebno je zabrinjavajući porast onečišćenja s F. graminearum u sjevernom i središnjem dijelu Europe. S obzirom na očigledne klimatske promjene, potrebna su daljnja istraživanja koja uključuju „prediktivne modele“ s više varijabli, a koji bi u bliskoj budućnosti omogućili kvalitetni pristup strategiji prevencije kontaminacije toksikotvornim plijesnima i mikotoksinima u hrani i hrani za životinje. Ključne riječi: klimatske promjene, mikotoksini, plijesni, okolišni uvjeti, geografska područja, prevencija
4 citations
Dissertation•
01 Jan 2016
4 citations
Cites background from "Integrating pests and pathogens int..."
...Gregory et al. (2009) further reported that rising temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns have direct effects on crop yields, as well as indirect effects through changes in irrigation water availability....
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TL;DR: In this article , the authors explore the available ex-/in- situ resources such as genebanks, botanical gardens, national parks, conservation hotspots and inventories holding CWR accessions, highlighting the advances in availability and use of CWR genomic resources, such as their contribution in pangenome construction and introducing novel genes into crops.
Abstract: Global agricultural industries are under pressure to meet the future food demand; however, the existing crop genetic diversity might not be sufficient to meet this expectation. Advances in genome sequencing technologies and availability of reference genomes for over 300 plant species reveals the hidden genetic diversity in crop wild relatives (CWRs), which could have significant impacts in crop improvement. There are many ex-situ and in-situ resources around the world holding rare and valuable wild species, of which many carry agronomically important traits and it is crucial for users to be aware of their availability. Here we aim to explore the available ex-/in- situ resources such as genebanks, botanical gardens, national parks, conservation hotspots and inventories holding CWR accessions. In addition we highlight the advances in availability and use of CWR genomic resources, such as their contribution in pangenome construction and introducing novel genes into crops. We also discuss the potential and challenges of modern breeding experimental approaches (e.g. de novo domestication, genome editing and speed breeding) used in CWRs and the use of computational (e.g. machine learning) approaches that could speed up utilization of CWR species in breeding programs towards crop adaptability and yield improvement.
4 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the three major abiotic factors associated with climate change (atmospheric CO2, temperature, and soil moisture) were manipulated and investigated their individual and joint effects on the interaction between maize, the banded cucumber beetle (Diabrotica balteata), and the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora.
Abstract: How climate change will modify belowground tritrophic interactions is poorly understood, despite their importance for agricultural productivity. Here, we manipulated the three major abiotic factors associated with climate change (atmospheric CO2, temperature, and soil moisture) and investigated their individual and joint effects on the interaction between maize, the banded cucumber beetle (Diabrotica balteata), and the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Changes in individual abiotic parameters had a strong influence on plant biomass, leaf wilting, sugar concentrations, protein levels, and benzoxazinoid contents. Yet, when combined to simulate a predicted climate scenario (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5, RCP 8.5), their effects mostly counter-balanced each other. Only the sharp negative impact of drought on leaf wilting was not fully compensated. In both current and predicted scenarios, root damage resulted in increased leaf wilting, reduced root biomass, and reconfigured the plant sugar metabolism. Single climatic variables modulated the herbivore performance and survival in an additive manner, although slight interactions were also observed. Increased temperature and CO2 levels both enhanced the performance of the insect, but elevated temperature also decreased its survival. Elevated temperatures and CO2 further directly impeded the EPN infectivity potential, while lower moisture levels improved it through plant- and/or herbivore-mediated changes. In the RCP 8.5 scenario, temperature and CO2 showed interactive effects on EPN infectivity, which was overall decreased by 40%. We conclude that root pest problems may worsen with climate change due to increased herbivore performance and reduced top-down control by biological control agents.
4 citations
Dissertation•
01 Jan 2010
3 citations
References
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01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: The first volume of the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report as mentioned in this paper was published in 2007 and covers several topics including the extensive range of observations now available for the atmosphere and surface, changes in sea level, assesses the paleoclimatic perspective, climate change causes both natural and anthropogenic, and climate models for projections of global climate.
Abstract: This report is the first volume of the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report. It covers several topics including the extensive range of observations now available for the atmosphere and surface, changes in sea level, assesses the paleoclimatic perspective, climate change causes both natural and anthropogenic, and climate models for projections of global climate.
32,826 citations
Book•
01 Jul 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors set the stage for impact, adaptation, and vulnerability assessment of climate change in the context of sustainable development and equity, and developed and applied scenarios in Climate Change Impact, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Assessment.
Abstract: Summary for policymakers Technical summary Part I. Setting the Stage for Impact, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Assessment: 1. Overview 2. Methods and tools 3. Development and application of scenarios in Climate Change Impact, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Assessment Part II. Sectors and Systems: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability: 4. Hydrology and water resources 5. Natural and managed ecosystems 6. Coastal zones and marine ecosystems 7. Energy, industry, and settlements 8. Financial services 9. Human health Part III. Regional Analyses: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability: 10. Africa 11. Asia 12. Australasia 13. Europe 14. Latin America 15. North America 16. Polar regions (Arctic and Antarctic) 17. Small island states Part IV. Global Issues and Synthesis: 18. Adaptation to climate change in the context of sustainable development and equity 19. Synthesis and integration of impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability Index.
12,541 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a cross-chapter case study on climate change and sustainability in natural and managed systems and assess key vulnerabilities and the risk from climate change, and assess adaptation practices, options, constraints and capacity.
Abstract: Foreword Preface Introduction Summary for policymakers Technical summary 1. Assessment of observed changes and responses in natural and managed systems 2. New assessment methodologies and the characterisation of future conditions 3. Fresh water resources and their management 4. Ecosystems, their properties, goods and services 5. Food, fibre and forest products 6. Coastal systems and low-lying areas 7. Industry, settlement and society 8. Human health 9. Africa 10. Asia 11. Australia and New Zealand 12. Europe 13. Latin America 14. North America 15. Polar regions (Arctic and Antarctic) 16. Small islands 17. Assessment of adaptation practices, options, constraints and capacity 18. Inter-relationships between adaptation and mitigation 19. Assessing key vulnerabilities and the risk from climate change 20. Perspectives on climate change and sustainability - 811 Cross-chapter case studies Appendix I. Glossary Appendix II. Contributors to the IPCC WGII Fourth Assessment Report Appendix III. Reviewers of the IPCC WGII Fourth Assessment Report Appendix IV. Acronyms and abbreviations Appendix V. Index and database of regional content Index CD-ROM.
8,465 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a document, redatto, voted and pubblicato by the Ipcc -Comitato intergovernativo sui cambiamenti climatici - illustra la sintesi delle ricerche svolte su questo tema rilevante.
Abstract: Cause, conseguenze e strategie di mitigazione Proponiamo il primo di una serie di articoli in cui affronteremo l’attuale problema dei mutamenti climatici. Presentiamo il documento redatto, votato e pubblicato dall’Ipcc - Comitato intergovernativo sui cambiamenti climatici - che illustra la sintesi delle ricerche svolte su questo tema rilevante.
4,187 citations